Maastricht Treaty Establishes European Union

The Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, is the foundation treaty of the European Union (EU).^¹ Concluded in 1992 between the then-twelve member states of the European Communities, it announced "a new stage in the process of European integration" chiefly in provisions for a shared European citizenship, for the eventual introduction of a single currency, and for common foreign and security policies, and a number of changes to the European institutions and their decision-making procedures, not least a strengthening of the powers of the European Parliament and more majority voting on the Council of Ministers.^¹ Although these were seen by many to presage a "federal Europe", key areas remained inter-governmental with national governments collectively taking key decisions.^¹ This constitutional debate continued through the negotiation of subsequent treaties, culminating in the 2007 Treaty of Lisbon.^¹