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Germany1949Elections
The German Democratic Republic was formally proclaimed, partitioning Germany and locking in Cold War division for four decades.
East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990. - summary
Germany1933Protests
Days after Hitler's rise, the Nazi regime organized the first systematic boycott of Jewish-owned shops, signaling organized persecution and economic exclusion.
The Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses was a nationwide boycott on various commercial establishments such as shops, warehouses, banks, doctor's offices, law firms, and notaries across Germany on 1 April 1933. - summary
Germany1930Elections
The Nazi party's stunning electoral surge in Depression-era Germany signaled the crisis of liberal democracy and democracy's near-fatal vulnerability.
The Basic Law also requires that the federal legislature enact detailed federal laws to govern elections; electoral law(s). - summary
United States1920Elections
The ratification of the 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote, completing a multi-decade struggle for political equality.
Women's suffrage, or the right of women to vote, was established in the United States over the course of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, first in various states and localities, then nationally in 1920 with the… - summary
United States1920Elections
The 19th Amendment's ratification on August 18, 1920 enfranchised 26 million American women overnight, doubling the electorate.
The legal status of women in the United States has advanced significantly over the past two centuries, but not yet equal to that of men in comparison to other high-income democracies. - summary
Canada1897Disasters
Gold discovery in Rabbit Creek (Bonanza Creek) in the Yukon sparked a mass migration of 100,000 prospectors and defined the era of frontier rush.
The Klondike Gold Rush was a migration by an estimated 100,000 prospectors to the Klondike region of Yukon in northwestern Canada, between 1896 and 1898. - summary
France1848Elections
The Second Republic's extension of voting rights to all men established democratic precedent across Europe and triggered political upheaval.
Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult male citizens within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. - summary
Belgium1815Wars
Wellington and Blücher's defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815 ended French hegemony and reordered European power for decades.
Command then rested on Marshals Soult and Grouchy, who were in turn replaced by Marshal Davout, who took command at the request of the French Provisional Government. - summary
France1804Elections
Napoleon's self-coronation as Emperor formalized his seizure of absolute power and triggered decades of European warfare.
Napoleon wanted to establish the legitimacy of his imperial reign with its new dynasty and nobility. - summary
Netherlands1608Tech launches
Dutch spectacle makers created the optical instrument that transformed astronomy and enabled Galileo's discoveries.
The history of the telescope can be traced to before the invention of the earliest known telescope, which appeared in 1608 in the Netherlands, when a patent was submitted by Hans Lippershey, an eyeglass maker. - summary
Japan1603Elections
Tokugawa Ieyasu's consolidation of power established a stable, centralized shogunate that would govern Japan for 250 years.
The Edo period, also known as the Tokugawa period, is the period between 1600 or 1603 and 1868 in the history of Japan, when the country was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and some 300 regional daimyo, or fe… - summary
Global1492Launches
Columbus's Atlantic crossing initiated sustained European contact with the Americas, reshaping global politics, commerce, and demography.
The human history of the Americas is thought to begin with people migrating to these areas from Asia during the height of an ice age. - summary
Peru1438Revolutions
Pachacuti's coronation launched decades of expansion that built the Americas' largest pre-Columbian empire across the Andes.
They stretched down the spine of the Andes for 4,000 km from southern Colombia, to Ecuador and Peru, including the deserts of coastal Peru, to north Chile and northwest Argentina. - summary
Holy Roman Empire1056Wars
Power struggle between emperors and popes reshaped medieval religious and secular authority.
It is up to 11 cm (4.3 in) long and feeds on invertebrates and detritus. - summary
Byzantine Empire541Disasters
The Plague of Justinian killed an estimated 25–50 million people across the Mediterranean and Near East, reshaping geopolitical power and demographic patterns for centuries.
Symptoms include fever, weakness, headache and black lips. - summary
Roman Empire27Elections
Octavian's consolidation of power as Augustus established the Roman Empire's political structure and ushered in two centuries of relative stability.
Prior to this event he is labeled by historians as Octavian, having been born Gaius Octavius, before adopting the name of his great-uncle Gaius Julius Caesar, who named him as his primary heir in his will. - summary
Samoa1200 BCE
Polynesian navigators with distinctive pottery colonize the Pacific islands across thousands of miles in an unprecedented maritime diaspora.
It took its name from the Ukrainian village of Verkhnya Lypytsya, Ivano-Frankivsk Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. - summary
Turkey9500 BCEElections
One of history's first dense urban communities shows evidence of collective decision-making structures and communal governance practices.
At the federal level, the nation's head of state, the president, is elected indirectly by the people of each state, through an Electoral College. - summary
Palestine9000 BCEWars
Massive defensive walls at Jericho represent humanity's first monumental military architecture, evidencing organized inter-settlement conflict.
Tower diameter: 8.5 meters - key fact
Iraq5900 BCEFestivals
Ubaid period temple complexes in Mesopotamia reveal large-scale communal religious ceremonies and the emergence of priesthood-organized festivals.
Abada was excavated as part of the archaeological salvage operation to excavate sites that would be flooded by the reservoir of the Hamrin Dam. - summary