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Brazil1822Revolutions
Pedro I's peaceful separation from Portugal created the largest Latin American nation and only American empire to survive the 19th century.
The independence of Brazil began after a series of political and military events that led the Kingdom of Brazil to separate from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. - summary
Colombia1819Wars
Bolívar's military and political triumph established Gran Colombia as the dominant post-colonial South American federation.
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco was a Venezuelan military officer and statesman who led what are currently the countries of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, and Ven… - summary
Russia1812Wars
Battle of Borodino
The Battle of Borodino or the Battle of Moscow took place on the outskirts of Moscow near the village of Borodino on 7 September 1812, during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. - summary
Czech Republic1805Wars
Napoleon's decisive victory at Austerlitz reshaped European power and established him as continental military master.
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a global series of conflicts fought by a fluctuating array of European coalitions against the French First Republic (1803–1804) under the First Consul followed by the First French … - summary
United States1800Elections
Thomas Jefferson defeated Alexander Hamilton's Federalists in the first true party competition, establishing peaceful democratic transfer of power in America.
Presidential elections were held in the United States from October 31 to December 3, 1800. - summary
Mesopotamia1800Elections
The contested succession of early Amorite dynasties in Mesopotamia demonstrates primitive electoral and legitimacy mechanisms among ancient tribal confederations vying for dynastic authority.
The king of Babylon was the ruler of the ancient Mesopotamian city of Babylon and its kingdom, Babylonia, which existed as an independent realm from the 19th century BC to its fall in the 6th century BC. - summary
United States1789Elections
Washington's election and swearing-in established crucial constitutional precedents and legitimized the new American republic.
Between seventy-three and seventy-nine days after the presidential election, the president-elect of the United States is inaugurated as president by taking the presidential oath of office. - summary
United Kingdom1784Elections
Pitt the Younger's landslide victory restored parliamentary confidence after American independence and shaped modern party politics.
The 1784 British general election resulted in William Pitt the Younger securing an overall majority of about 120 in the House of Commons of Great Britain, having previously had to survive in a House which was dominate… - summary
United States1774Elections
The First Continental Congress assembled colonial delegates to coordinate resistance to British rule, setting the stage for the American Revolution.
The Continental Congress was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, who acted as the Provisional Government for the Thirteen Colonies of Great Britain in North America, and the newly declared Un… - summary
India1770Disasters
The catastrophic Bengal famine killed up to 10 million and exposed the extractive brutality of the East India Company's colonial administration.
Hunger is one of the major issues affecting the citizens of Bangladesh. - summary
United Kingdom1763Protests
The arrest of radical MP John Wilkes for seditious libel ignited a constitutional crisis over press freedom and parliamentary privilege.
Hellfire Club was a term used to describe several exclusive clubs for high-society rakes established in Great Britain and Ireland in the 18th century. - summary
United States1752Tech launches
Franklin's kite experiment proved lightning's electrical nature, unlocking understanding of a force that would power modern civilization.
Discovery Channel, also known as simply Discovery and previously known as The Discovery Channel, is an American cable channel and the second flagship namesake asset of Warner Bros. - summary
China1661Elections
The succession of China's longest-reigning emperor marked the consolidation of Qing power and ushered in a century of unprecedented prosperity.
The Kangxi Emperor, also known by his temple name Emperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was the third emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper. - summary
Bohemia1618Protests
The symbolic ejection of Catholic officials from Prague Castle ignited the Thirty Years' War and Protestant resistance in Central Europe.
The Defenestrations of Prague were three incidents in the history of Bohemia in which people were defenestrated. - summary
Vatican City1582Launches
Pope Gregory XIII's calendar reform corrected the Julian calendar's drift, establishing the timekeeping system used worldwide today.
The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world. - summary
Austria1529Wars
Suleiman I's failed assault on Vienna marks the Ottoman Empire's maximum European reach and consolidates the continental balance of power.
The siege of Vienna, in 1529, was the first attempt by the Ottoman Empire to capture the city of Vienna in the Archduchy of Austria, part of the Holy Roman Empire. - summary
Nigeria1500Tech launches
Archaeological evidence of sophisticated iron-working technology in Nigeria demonstrates independent metallurgical innovation in sub-Saharan Africa.
The Nok culture is a population whose material remains are named after the Ham village of Nok in southern Kaduna State of Nigeria, where their terracotta sculptures were first discovered in 1928. - summary
Spain1492Wars
The fall of Granada's Nasrid Emirate ended 780 years of Islamic rule on the Iberian Peninsula, unifying Catholic Spain and launching the Age of European Exploration.
In January 1492, Spanish Christian forces under the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella captured Granada, the last Muslim-controlled territory on the Iberian Peninsula. - summary
Spain1479Elections
The marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon forged the Spanish kingdoms into a unified state, reshaping European geopolitics.
The history of Spain dates to contact between the pre-Roman peoples of the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula with the Greeks and Phoenicians. - summary
Zimbabwe1300Sports
Archaeological evidence and oral traditions suggest Great Zimbabwe hosted royal hunting contests and ceremonial games as displays of power and community cohesion.
Great Zimbabwe was a city in the south-eastern hills of the modern country of Zimbabwe, near Masvingo. - summary