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Italy476Wars
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforc… - summary
Italy79Disasters
Vesuvius's catastrophic eruption buried Pompeii and Herculaneum, preserving Roman life in ash and creating an unparalleled archaeological record.
In 79 AD, Mount Vesuvius, a stratovolcano located in the modern-day region of Campania, Italy, erupted, causing one of the deadliest eruptions in history. - summary
Italy216 BCEWars
Battle of Cannae
The Carthaginians and their allies, led by Hannibal, surrounded and practically annihilated a larger Roman and Italian army under the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. - summary
Greece490 BCEWars
Athens' improbable victory over Darius's invading Persians secured Greek independence and enabled the Classical era's cultural flourishing.
As they struggled to exert authority over the independent-minded Ionian cities, the Persians appointed Greek tyrants to rule each of them, though this would prove to be the source of much trouble for the Greeks and th… - summary
Turkey7500 BCELaunches
The largest Neolithic settlement yet discovered demonstrates early urban planning and communal living in Anatolia.
Çatalhöyük, located near the modern town of Çumra in Konya Province, grew into a densely packed community of mud-brick dwellings that housed between 5,000 and 7,000 people at its peak around 7100 BCE. - summary
Fertile Crescent10000 BCETech launches
The domestication of crops and animals fundamentally reshaped human civilization, enabling permanent settlements and population growth across the Near East.
The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period from the egalitarian lifestyle of nomadic and semi-nomadic hu… - summary
Global130000 BCELaunches
Evidence from South African shell middens and cave sites indicates sustained exploitation of marine resources, marking the earliest systematic coastal occupation.
Homo is a genus of great ape that emerged from the early hominin genus Australopithecus, encompassing a single extant species, Homo sapiens, along with a number of extinct species classified as either ancestral or clo… - summary
Global130000 BCEFestivals
Evidence of ochre pigmentation and possible ritual objects from Middle Paleolithic sites suggests early ceremonial or festive practices marking human cognitive revolution.
Art is a diverse range of cultural activity centered around works utilizing creative or imaginative talents, which are expected to evoke a worthwhile experience, generally through an expression of emotional power, con… - summary
Global130000 BCELaunches
Archaeological evidence from the Levant documents semi-permanent human occupation sites with structured hearths and organized spatial use, prefiguring later settlement patterns.
The earliest developments involved lime plaster vessels, simple Neolithic wares, and decorated forms such as the Yarmukian Pottery. - summary
Kenya130000 BCEFestivals
Evidence of repeated gathering at protected rock shelters with ritual deposits and pigment use suggests early ceremonial or initiatory practices.
The linear depression may subsequently be further deepened by the forces of erosion. - summary
Germany14200 BCEFestivals
The oldest known deliberate animal burial reveals ceremonial practice and emotional attachment, evidence of proto-religious behavior in the earliest human communities.
During this period, many developments occurred such as the establishment and expansion of a mixed farming and stock-rearing economy, architectural innovations, as well as elaborate art and tool manufacturing. - summary
Japan11000 BCEFestivals
Japan's hunter-gatherer Jomon people establish the world's earliest pottery tradition and evidence of organized seasonal festivals and social hierarchy.
14,000 and 300 BCE, during which Japan was inhabited by the Jōmon people, a diverse hunter-gatherer and early agriculturalist population united by a common culture, which reached a considerable degree of sedentism and… - summary
Kenya10000 BCESports
Archaeological evidence of competitive fishing practices and seasonal gatherings suggests early organized sporting contests among forager communities.
It is the world's largest permanent desert lake and the world's largest alkaline lake. - summary
Global9800 BCEWars
Archaeological evidence from the Jericho region suggests organized conflict between hunter-gatherer bands, representing some of humanity's earliest documented warfare.
The Sheep River provides drinking water for the towns of Diamond Valley, and Okotoks. - summary
Jordan9800 BCESports
Material evidence from Wadi el-Jilat suggests organized hunting competitions and proto-athletic contests among Epipaleolithic communities.
Part of its course runs through a steeply-incised ravine that retains water for much of the year, an unusual feature in the desert region. - summary
Germany9700 BCEWars
Skeletal evidence from a Neolithic massacre site reveals organized violence and systematic domination, challenging assumptions about peaceful pre-history.
Once a common part of warfare, it is now widely considered a war crime. - summary
Palestine9650 BCEWars
Natufian settlement with defensive walls and weapons evidence, indicating systematic intergroup conflict and the need for organized military protection.
The settlement is an example of hunter-gatherer sedentism, a crucial step in the transition from foraging to farming. - summary
Global9600 BCETech launches
Abu Hureyra in Syria shows evidence of social stratification and organized leadership around 9600 BCE, marking the emergence of proto-political structures.
BP in two main phases: Abu Hureyra 1, dated to the Epipalaeolithic, was a village of sedentary hunter-gatherers; Abu Hureyra 2, dated to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic, was home to some of the world's first farmers. - summary
Serbia9500 BCEFestivals
Danube River fishing settlement with evidence of ritual bonfire gatherings and ceremonial food preparation in Mesolithic Europe.
It includes Mesolithic Iron Gates Hunter-Gatherers period and transition to Early Neolithic Early European Farmers period of the Balkans. - summary
India9500 BCEDisasters
Climate deterioration and river system failures forced major population movements across proto-Indus Valley settlements, reshaping early South Asian settlement geography.
The river is known as Ghaggar before the Ottu barrage, and as Hakra downstream of the barrage in the Thar Desert. - summary