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United Kingdom1835Elections
The 1835 election brought the Conservative Party to power under Robert Peel and marked the emergence of modern party politics in Britain.
Polling took place between 6 January and 6 February 1835, and the results saw Robert Peel's Conservatives make large gains from their low of the 1832 election, but the Whigs maintained a large majority. - summary
United States1828Elections
Andrew Jackson's victory initiated the Democratic Party's rise and marked the first mass-participation presidential campaign, reshaping American electoral politics.
Presidential elections were held in the United States from October 26 to December 2, 1824. - summary
United Kingdom1825Tech launches
The Stockton & Darlington Railway is already covered, but the Liverpool-Manchester line (1830) surpassed it as the first commercial passenger service.
The Slow and fast passenger trains are passenger train services of Indian Railways which connect small towns and cities to metropolitan cities in India. - summary
Brazil1822Revolutions
Pedro I's peaceful separation from Portugal created the largest Latin American nation and only American empire to survive the 19th century.
The independence of Brazil began after a series of political and military events that led the Kingdom of Brazil to separate from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. - summary
United Kingdom1819Protests
British cavalry charged into a peaceful parliamentary reform rally, killing 18 and crystallizing working-class political consciousness and labor activism.
The Peterloo Massacre took place at St Peter's Field, Manchester, England, on Monday 16 August 1819. - summary
Canada1813Wars
Decisive victory ending British-Indigenous alliance in North America; turning point in War of 1812 with significant Indigenous history implications.
The Battle of the Thames, also known as the Battle of Moraviantown, was an American victory over British forces and Tecumseh's Confederacy during the War of 1812. - summary
Russia1812Wars
Battle of Borodino
The Battle of Borodino or the Battle of Moscow took place on the outskirts of Moscow near the village of Borodino on 7 September 1812, during Napoleon's invasion of Russia. - summary
United States1800Elections
Thomas Jefferson defeated Alexander Hamilton's Federalists in the first true party competition, establishing peaceful democratic transfer of power in America.
Presidential elections were held in the United States from October 31 to December 3, 1800. - summary
France1794Revolutions
The arrest and execution of Robespierre on 28 July 1794 ended the Reign of Terror and shifted the French Revolution toward more conservative governance.
In the historiography of the French Revolution, the Thermidorian Reaction is the common term for the period between the ousting of Maximilien Robespierre on 9 Thermidor II, or 27 July 1794, and the inauguration of the… - summary
France1789Elections
The Estates-General elections of 1789 transformed an absolute monarchy into a revolutionary assembly and redefined political legitimacy in the West.
An unauthorized election to the Estates General of 1789 was secretly held by white slaveholders in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, coinciding with the elections in metropolitan France. - summary
United Kingdom1776Sports
The St. Leger Stakes became one of thoroughbred racing's classic races and a cornerstone of the British sporting calendar for nearly 250 years.
The St Leger Stakes is a Group 1 flat horse race in Great Britain open to three-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. - summary
United States1774Elections
The First Continental Congress assembled colonial delegates to coordinate resistance to British rule, setting the stage for the American Revolution.
The Continental Congress refers to both the First and Second Congresses of 1774–1781 and at the time, also described the Congress of the Confederation of 1781–1789. - summary
United Kingdom1753Launches
The world's first major public museum established the institutional model for democratic access to cultural patrimony.
The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. - summary
Spain1750Wars
Spain and Portugal redivided South American territory, ending the War of Jenkins' Ear and reshaping colonial dominion over vast territories.
In an effort to end decades of conflict in the region of present-day Uruguay, the treaty established detailed territorial boundaries between Portuguese Brazil and the Spanish colonial territories to the south and west. - summary
Belgium1745Wars
French victory over allied British-Dutch-Austrian forces secured Bourbon ascendancy and demonstrated French military resurgence mid-century.
The Battle of Fontenoy, 11 May 1745, took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, near Tournai, in Belgium. - summary
Egypt1650Wars
Late Second Intermediate Period conflict among rival Theban dynasties weakened Egypt, setting stage for New Kingdom consolidation and imperial expansion.
The five kings of Wa were kings of ancient Japan (Wa) who sent envoys to China during the 5th century to strengthen the legitimacy of their claims to power by gaining the recognition of the Chinese emperor. - summary
Japan1615Wars
The Siege of Osaka ended Japan's century of civil war and consolidated Tokugawa power, ushering in an era of unprecedented peace and cultural flourishing.
The Sengoku period was an era of civil war, political fragmentation and social change in Japanese history. - summary
United Kingdom1588Wars
England's naval defeat of Philip II's invincible Armada established Protestant England as a European power and naval supremacy doctrine.
The Spanish Armada was a Spanish fleet that sailed from Lisbon in late May 1588, and was the largest engagement of the undeclared Anglo-Spanish War. - summary
Hungary1526Wars
Ottoman victory over Hungary redirected the empire's expansion into Europe and established Ottoman dominion over the Balkans for nearly two centuries.
The Battle of Mohács took place on 29 August 1526 near Mohács, in the Kingdom of Hungary. - summary
