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United States1899Wars
Following the Spanish-American War, the conflict between U.S. forces and Filipino insurgents marked America's first major anti-colonial war.
The Philippine–American War, known alternatively as the Filipino–American War, Philippine Insurrection, or Tagalog Insurgency, emerged in early 1899 following the United States' annexation of the former Spanish colony… - summary
United Kingdom1879Wars
Britain's invasion of Zululand demonstrated colonial military doctrine while the Zulus' early victories at Isandlwana proved indigenous warfare remained formidable.
The Anglo-Zulu War, or simply the Zulu War, was fought in present-day South Africa from January to early July 1879 between forces of the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom. - summary
Japan1868Wars
Japan's civil war culminated in the Meiji Restoration, transforming the nation from feudal shogunate to industrialized world power within decades.
The Boshin War , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a coalition seeking to seize pol… - summary
Prussia1866Wars
Seven Weeks' War reshaped Central Europe, eliminated Austria from German affairs, and cleared Bismarck's path to unification.
The Austro-Prussian War was fought in 1866 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia, with Prussia supported by Italian forces and various North German states. - summary
United States1865Wars
American Civil War Ends
During the American Civil War, sexual behavior, gender roles, and attitudes were affected by the conflict, especially by the absence of menfolk at home and the emergence of new roles for women such as nursing. - summary
United States / Mexico1846Wars
The Mexican-American War resulted in the US annexing half of Mexico's territory, establishing American continental dominance and intensifying sectional conflict over slavery expansion.
The Mexican–American War, also known in the United States as the Mexican War and in Mexico as the United States intervention in Mexico, was an invasion of Mexico by the United States. - summary
Spain1833Wars
Spanish succession conflict reshaped political ideology, pitting liberal and traditionalist forces across three decades of intermittent warfare.
The Carlist Wars were a series of civil wars that took place in Spain during the 19th century. - summary
China1046Wars
The transition from Shang to Zhou dynasties involved contested legitimacy and recorded warfare, creating early Chinese precedent for dynastic succession and contested sovereignty.
A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same state. - summary
China1842Wars
The First Opium War's conclusion imposed unequal treaties on China, marking the beginning of foreign domination and national humiliation.
The Treaty of Nanjing was the peace treaty which ended the First Opium War (1839–1842) between Great Britain and the Qing dynasty of China on 29 August 1842. - summary
Vietnam1973Wars
Paris Peace Accords end direct U.S. combat role after decades of war; precedes final North Vietnamese victory in 1975.
The Paris Peace Accords, officially the Agreement on ending the war and restoring peace in Viet-Nam, was a peace agreement signed on 27 January 1973 to establish peace in Vietnam and end the Vietnam War. - summary
United Kingdom1936Elections
King Edward VIII's forced abdication over his romance with divorcée Wallis Simpson convulsed the British monarchy and shattered royal precedent.
In early December 1936, a constitutional crisis in the British Empire arose when King Edward VIII proposed to marry Wallis Simpson, an American socialite who was divorced from her first husband and was in the process … - summary
United States1917Awards
The inaugural Pulitzer Prize ceremony established America's most prestigious awards for journalism, literature, and the arts.
The Pulitzer Prizes are 23 annual awards given by Columbia University in New York City for achievements in the United States in "journalism, arts and letters". - summary
Austria-Hungary1914Wars
The July Crisis escalated into continental war after Franz Ferdinand's assassination, killing millions and redrawing the political map of Europe.
World War I, or the First World War, also known as the Great War, was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Central Powers. - summary
South Africa1879Wars
British forces suffered a catastrophic defeat to Zulu warriors, demonstrating that European military technology did not guarantee victory and reshaping imperial strategy in southern Africa.
The Battle of Isandlwana on 22 January 1879 was the second major encounter in the Anglo-Zulu War between the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom – the Battle of Nyezane having been fought and won earlier on the same d… - summary
Italy1859Wars
The bloody Austro-Sardinian clash inspired Henry Dunant to found the Red Cross, transforming how the world responds to war's humanitarian cost.
The Battle of Solferino on 24 June 1859 was the climactic battle of the Second Italian War of Independence and resulted in the victory of the allied French army under Napoleon III and the Piedmont-Sardinian army under… - summary
Canada1813Wars
Decisive victory ending British-Indigenous alliance in North America; turning point in War of 1812 with significant Indigenous history implications.
The Battle of the Thames, also known as the Battle of Moraviantown, was an American victory over British forces and Tecumseh's Confederacy during the War of 1812. - summary
Israel1973Wars
The war that shattered Israeli invincibility and reset Middle East diplomacy.
On October 6, 1973, Egyptian forces under President Anwar Sadat crossed the Suez Canal while Syrian troops attacked the Golan Heights, catching Israel off-guard on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in the Jewish calendar. - summary
Cuba1895Wars
The insurgency against Spanish colonial rule triggered U.S. intervention and established Cuba as a flashpoint of American hemispheric power.
The Cuban War of Independence, fought from 1895 to 1898, was the last of three liberation wars that Cuba fought against Spain, following the Ten Years' War (1868–1878) and the Little War (1879–1880). - summary
Ottoman Empire1877Wars
Russia's decisive military campaign liberated Bulgaria and Montenegro, accelerating Ottoman decline and reshaping the Eastern Mediterranean power structure.
The Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. - summary
United States1777Wars
The American victory at Saratoga convinced France to formally enter the Revolutionary War, shifting the global balance of power.
The Battles of Saratoga were fought September 19 and October 7, 1777 over the same ground by the American Continental Army and the British Army near Saratoga, New York during the American Revolutionary War. - summary