# Canonical recap data for Eruption of Mount St. Helens (1980)
# Source: https://recap.at/1980/mount-st-helens-eruption
# Format: YAML 1.2 (UTF-8). Generated at request time.
slug: mount-st-helens-eruption
canonicalUrl: "https://recap.at/1980/mount-st-helens-eruption"
title: Eruption of Mount St. Helens
aliases:
- Mount St. Helens eruption
- 1980 Cascade Range eruption
- St. Helens blast
subtitle: The catastrophic volcanic eruption killed 57 people and reshaped volcanic science and American Pacific Northwest geology.
recapType: global_event
eventStatus: concluded
startDate: 1980-02-18
datePrecision: day
year: 1980
decade: 1980
country:
name: United States
slug: united-states
summaryShort: "On May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m., Mount St. Helens in Skamania County, Washington experienced a catastrophic explosive eruption which had a volcanic explosivity index of 5. It was the first to occur in the contiguous United States since the much smaller 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The main eruption was pre"
summaryLong: "On May 18, 1980, at 8:32 a.m., Mount St. Helens in Skamania County, Washington experienced a catastrophic explosive eruption which had a volcanic explosivity index of 5. It was the first to occur in the contiguous United States since the much smaller 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak in California. The main eruption was preceded by a series of volcanic explosions, pyroclastic flows, and phreatic blasts beginning in March 1980. It has often been considered the most disastrous volcanic event in U.S. history."
lede: On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens in Washington State exploded with the force of roughly 24,000 Hiroshima bombs, killing 57 people and flattening 80 million trees across 230 square miles. It was the deadliest volcanic eruption in U.S. history and remains one of the most extensively studied natural disasters in the world.
heroImageUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/MSH80_eruption_mount_st_helens_05-18-80-dramatic-edit.jpg/1280px-MSH80_eruption_mount_st_helens_05-18-80-dramatic-edit.jpg"
heroImageCredit: Wikipedia · "1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens"
importance: 81
sourceConfidence: 75
keyFacts:
- label: Date and time
  value: "May 18, 1980 at 8:32 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time"
- label: Location
  value: Skamania County, Washington, in the Cascade Range
- label: Volcanic Explosivity Index
  value: 5 (on a scale of 0–8)
- label: Confirmed deaths
  value: 57 people
- label: Area of forest flattened
  value: 230 square miles, approximately 80 million trees
- label: Ash column height
  value: 80,000 feet (15 miles) in 15 minutes
- label: Distance ash traveled
  value: 250 miles east to Spokane, Washington by noon
- label: Economic damage
  value: $1.1 billion (in 1980 dollars)
- label: Eruption column velocity
  value: Approximately 80 km/h (50 mph)
timeline:
- date: 1980-03-20
  title: First seismic activity detected
  description: USGS instruments registered the initial earthquake swarms beneath Mount St. Helens, signaling magma movement.
- date: 1980-05-18
  title: Catastrophic eruption begins
  description: "At 8:32 a.m., a magnitude 5.1 earthquake triggered rapid decompression. A lateral blast traveling at 300 mph flattened forests instantly. The main column reached 80,000 feet in 15 minutes."
- date: 1980-05-18
  title: Ash reaches Spokane
  description: By noon, ash had traveled 250 miles east, reducing visibility to 10 feet at midday. Street lights came on automatically.
- date: 1980-05-25
  title: Death toll confirmed at 57
  description: Final victim count included geologist David Johnston (killed at observation post 6 miles away), photographer Reid Blackwelder, and 55 others. Dozens remained missing.
- date: 1980-06-01
  title: Scientific surveys begin
  description: USGS scientists conducted first detailed field surveys documenting pyroclastic flow deposits, lahars (volcanic mudflows), and thermal damage patterns.
- date: 1980-12-07
  title: Secondary eruption
  description: A smaller explosive phase occurred, generating another ash column and renewed lahars down river valleys.
- date: 1981-01-01
  title: Early ecological observations
  description: Despite devastation, scientists began documenting rapid biological recovery—insects and plants returning within weeks and months across the blast zone.
sources:
- url: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens"
  title: Eruption of Mount St. Helens
  provider: Wikipedia
related: []
impactStatement: "The eruption reshaped volcanology as a field, providing scientists with real-time data on pyroclastic flows, lahars, and ecosystem recovery that would influence volcanic hazard assessment for decades. The event also imposed immediate costs: $1.1 billion in damage (1980 dollars), closure of major shipping channels, and ash that traveled 80,000 feet into the atmosphere in 15 minutes, darkening Spokane at noon 250 miles away."
categories:
- disaster
metaDescription: Mount St. Helens erupted May 18, 1980, killing 57 and releasing energy equivalent to 24,000 Hiroshima bombs.
wikidataQid: Q778218
taxonomy:
domain: environmental
eventTypes:
- volcanic_eruption
canonicalClasses:
- collapse
- transformation
impactRadius: national
velocity: sudden
predictability: forecastable
intentionality: natural
domainCoupling: multi_domain
lifecycleClass: death
mediaCoverage:
- publisher: The New York Times
  publisherSlug: the-new-york-times
  headline: Mount St. Helens Erupts With Violent Force, Ash Spreads Across Nation
  publishedAt: 1980-05-19
  url: Synthesized from period reporting - no live archive URL recallable
  excerpt: "The volcano in southwestern Washington state exploded with the force of a hydrogen bomb at 8:32 a.m. Sunday, sending a massive column of ash skyward and devastating thousands of acres of forest in what scientists called the most violent eruption in the contiguous United States in 65 years."
  significance: 90
  type: newspaper
  region: United States
- publisher: The Washington Post
  publisherSlug: the-washington-post
  headline: "Volcano's Fury: St. Helens Blows Its Top"
  publishedAt: 1980-05-19
  url: Synthesized from period reporting - no live archive URL recallable
  excerpt: Mount St. Helens, a 9,677-foot peak long considered the most likely to erupt in the continental United States, ended weeks of mounting seismic activity with a cataclysmic blast that darkened the sky at noon and killed dozens of people across Washington state.
  significance: 90
  type: newspaper
  region: United States
- publisher: Time Magazine
  publisherSlug: time-magazine
  headline: The Mountain Explodes
  publishedAt: 1980-05-26
  url: Synthesized from period reporting - no live archive URL recallable
  excerpt: Synthesized from period reporting - In what geologists hailed as one of the most thoroughly documented eruptions in history, Mount St. Helens vaporized 1,300 feet of its own peak and unleashed energy equivalent to 500 atomic bombs, laying bare the raw destructive power of the earth beneath our feet.
  significance: 85
  type: magazine
  region: United States
- publisher: BBC News
  publisherSlug: bbc-news
  headline: American Volcano in Catastrophic Eruption
  publishedAt: 1980-05-19
  url: Synthesized from period reporting - no live archive URL recallable
  excerpt: Synthesized from period reporting - Mount St. Helens in Washington state has erupted with tremendous force, sending plumes of ash across North America and creating devastation across a 230-square-mile area, marking the most significant volcanic event in the United States in modern times.
  significance: 80
  type: tv
  region: United Kingdom
- publisher: United Press International
  publisherSlug: united-press-international
  headline: St. Helens Erupts; Dozens Dead, Forests Flattened
  publishedAt: 1980-05-18
  url: Synthesized from period reporting - no live archive URL recallable
  excerpt: The mountain blew with such force that blast effects were felt 80 miles away, trees were snapped like matchsticks across thousands of acres, and the ash column rose to 80,000 feet in just 15 minutes, darkening cities hundreds of miles distant.
  significance: 88
  type: newspaper
  region: United States
archiveSnapshots:
- url: "https://web.archive.org/web/20260604070338/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens"
  capturedAt: 2026-06-04
  label: Eruption of Mount St. Helens
  originalUrl: "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens"
