# Canonical recap data for Boxer Rebellion in China (1900)
# Source: https://recap.at/1900/boxer-rebellion
# Format: YAML 1.2 (UTF-8). Generated at request time.
slug: boxer-rebellion
canonicalUrl: "https://recap.at/1900/boxer-rebellion"
title: Boxer Rebellion in China
aliases:
- Boxer Uprising
- Boxer Rebellion
- Yihetuan Uprising
- Righteous Fists Rebellion
subtitle: ""
recapType: global_event
eventStatus: concluded
startDate: 1900-01-01
datePrecision: year
year: 1900
decade: 1900
country:
name: China
slug: china
summaryShort: A violent uprising by Chinese militia groups called the Boxers in 1900 targeted foreign missionaries, diplomats, and Chinese Christians, leading to a multinational military intervention that left tens of thousands dead.
summaryLong: |-
  In the spring of 1900, a militia movement known as the Boxers-officially the "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists"-launched a coordinated assault across northern China that would reshape the country's relationship with the Western powers. The Boxers, drawing support from rural peasants and local officials who resented foreign economic dominance and Christian missionary activity, began systematically attacking missionaries, foreign diplomats, and Chinese converts. By June 1900, they had surrounded the foreign legation quarter in Beijing, trapping roughly 900 diplomats, soldiers, and civilians inside the walled compound for 55 days.

  The Chinese imperial court under Empress Dowager Cixi initially appeared to support or at least tolerate the Boxer movement, though historians debate how directly she sanctioned the violence. What made the 1900 uprising distinct from earlier anti-foreign unrest was its scale and its timing-it coincided with a period of acute Western imperialist competition for Chinese territory and resources, particularly after China's humiliating defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895. Foreign missionaries had expanded aggressively inland, challenging traditional Chinese religious and social structures, which fueled popular resentment that the Boxers mobilized with quasi-religious rhetoric and martial arts training.

  The crisis prompted an extraordinary response: eight foreign nations-Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States-assembled a relief force of roughly 20,000 troops. These soldiers marched on Beijing in August 1900 under Japanese General Yamagata Aritomo and British General Alfred Gaselee, breaking the siege and occupying the capital. The foreign troops conducted widespread looting and reprisals; massacres of Chinese civilians and soldiers followed, though exact casualty figures remain disputed. Conservative estimates place Chinese deaths between 30,000 and 100,000, though some scholarly accounts suggest higher figures.

  The aftermath crystallized China's position as a weakened state vulnerable to foreign exploitation. The Boxer Protocol, signed in September 1901, imposed a massive indemnity of 450 million taels (roughly $335 million at the time) on China and granted foreign powers permanent military garrisons in Beijing. The protocol also required China to demolish forts and allow foreign troops to occupy key communication routes. The uprising accelerated the decline of the Qing dynasty, which would collapse just over a decade later in 1911, and demonstrated to Chinese reformers and revolutionaries alike that radical modernization was essential for national survival.
lede: In 1900, anti-foreign militia groups called the Boxers launched a violent uprising across northern China, targeting missionaries and foreign diplomats. Eight foreign nations responded by sending troops that occupied Beijing, killed tens of thousands of Chinese people, and imposed harsh penalties on the Chinese government-a humiliation that weakened the ruling Qing dynasty and accelerated its eventual collapse.
heroImageUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Boxer_rebellion_SLNSW_457281.jpg/1280px-Boxer_rebellion_SLNSW_457281.jpg"
heroImageCredit: "\"'Past and Future' - The Tian'anmen from the Tiananmen Square\" by Jorge Lascar is licensed under CC BY 2.0. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/."
importance: 50
sourceConfidence: 50
keyFacts:
- label: Duration of Beijing legation siege
  value: 55 days (June–August 1900)
- label: Foreign nationals trapped in legation quarter
  value: Approximately 900 diplomats, soldiers, and civilians
- label: Multinational relief force size
  value: Approximately 20,000 troops from eight nations
- label: Estimated Chinese deaths
  value: 30,000–100,000
- label: Boxer Protocol indemnity imposed on China
  value: 450 million taels (approximately $335 million USD)
- label: Nations that sent troops
  value: Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Japan, Russia, United States
- label: Boxer Protocol signed
  value: September 7, 1901
- label: Years until Qing dynasty collapse
  value: 11 years (1911)
timeline:
- date: 1899-10-01
  title: Boxer activity intensifies
  description: Boxer militia groups escalate attacks on foreign missionaries and Christian converts in Shandong and Shanxi provinces.
- date: 1900-06-01
  title: Beijing legation quarter besieged
  description: Boxers surround the foreign legation compound in Beijing, trapping roughly 900 diplomats, soldiers, and missionaries inside.
- date: 1900-06-21
  title: Empress Dowager Cixi's ambiguous stance
  description: The Chinese imperial court issues an edict that appears to endorse anti-foreign action, though historians dispute whether this constitutes explicit authorization of the Boxer violence.
- date: 1900-07-01
  title: International relief force assembles
  description: Eight foreign nations coordinate to dispatch approximately 20,000 troops toward Beijing under Japanese General Yamagata Aritomo and British General Alfred Gaselee.
- date: 1900-08-14
  title: Foreign troops enter Beijing
  description: The multinational force breaks through the city gates and relieves the besieged legation quarter. Widespread looting and reprisals against Chinese soldiers and civilians follow.
- date: 1900-09-07
  title: Boxer Protocol signed
  description: China agrees to pay 450 million taels indemnity, dismantle key forts, allow foreign military garrisons in Beijing, and grant foreign powers permanent stationing rights along communication routes.
- date: 1911-10-10
  title: Qing dynasty collapses
  description: Eleven years after the Boxer defeat, revolution ends 268 years of Qing rule. The uprising's exposure of China's military weakness accelerated calls for radical reform and modernization.
sources: []
related: []
relationships:
- targetSlug: sino-japanese-war-1894-1895
  type: happened_during
  confidence: 85
  evidence: Japan's military success in the 1894-95 Sino-Japanese War established it as a regional power and emboldened Japanese participation in the multinational force suppressing the Boxers in 1900, demonstrating China's accelerating military decline.
  source: ai
- targetSlug: russo-japanese-war
  type: caused
  confidence: 75
  evidence: The Boxer Rebellion demonstrated China's helplessness and invited foreign military competition in Manchuria; this territorial rivalry between Russia and Japan directly precipitated their 1904-05 war over control of the region.
  source: ai
- targetSlug: meiji-restoration
  type: happened_during
  confidence: 80
  evidence: Japan's rapid modernization under the Meiji Restoration (1868) enabled its effective military participation in suppressing the Boxers and positioned it to exploit China's weakness-demonstrating the strategic payoff of reform vs. stagnation.
  source: ai
gallery:
- url: "https://live.staticflickr.com/4051/4474615584_a434b320ac_b.jpg"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://live.staticflickr.com/4051/4474615584_a434b320ac_b.jpg"
  caption: (Previous hero, demoted by topical-relevance swap)
  credit: ""
  width: 0
  height: 0
  alt: A person rides a bicycle across a large paved plaza in front of the Gate of Heavenly Peace in Beijing, with its distinctive yellow-glazed tile roof and red walls, while cars and taxis pass by on the street below.
- url: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boxer_Rebellion_Execution_1900.png/1280px-Boxer_Rebellion_Execution_1900.png"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Boxer_Rebellion_Execution_1900.png/800px-Boxer_Rebellion_Execution_1900.png"
  caption: Boxer Rebellion Execution 1900
  credit: Unknown authorUnknown author
  width: 1260
  height: 788
  alt: A man in dark clothing wielding an axe stands over a prone figure on the ground, while armed soldiers in military uniforms stand in formation watching the execution during the Boxer Rebellion in early 1900s China.
- url: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siege_of_Peking%2C_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg/1280px-Siege_of_Peking%2C_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siege_of_Peking%2C_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg/800px-Siege_of_Peking%2C_Boxer_Rebellion.jpg"
  caption: Siege of Peking, Boxer Rebellion
  credit: H. Charles McBarron, Jr.
  width: 2768
  height: 1700
  alt: American soldiers in military uniforms and campaign hats fire rifles from behind brick fortifications during the Siege of Peking, while a building burns in the background with an American flag flying above the fortress walls.
- url: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Boxer_Rebellion_Prisoners_ca.1901.jpg/1280px-Boxer_Rebellion_Prisoners_ca.1901.jpg"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Boxer_Rebellion_Prisoners_ca.1901.jpg/800px-Boxer_Rebellion_Prisoners_ca.1901.jpg"
  caption: Boxer Rebellion Prisoners ca.1901
  credit: pingnews.com
  width: 1344
  height: 1536
  alt: A black and white stereoscopic photograph showing a large group of men, identified as captured Boxer Rebellion prisoners, seated and standing on sandy ground during the early 1900s conflict in China. The prisoners wear light-colored clothing and are closely gathered together, with armed guards visible in the background.
culturalContext:
topMusic:
- title: God Save the Queen
  artist: British national anthem (performed widely)
  year: 1900
  note: Symbolized British imperial power during the joint foreign response
  referenceCard:
  status: not_found
  checkedAt: "2026-05-25T19:39:56.049Z"
topFilms: []
topTVShows: []
zeitgeistNote: In 1900, Western powers viewed the Boxer Rebellion as confirmation of the 'Yellow Peril' narrative and proof of the need for imperial control. Chinese intellectuals experienced it as proof that isolation and tradition had failed, sparking urgent debates over modernization vs. Confucian values. The widespread Western portrayal of Boxers as barbaric 'fanatics' contrasted sharply with Chinese nationalist framing of them as patriotic resistance to foreign exploitation-a propaganda split that persisted through the 20th century.
comparisonThenNow:
- metric: Foreign military presence in Beijing
  thenValue: ~20,000 troops from 8 nations occupying the capital
  thenYear: 1900
  nowValue: Embassy security details, no occupying force
  nowYear: 2024
  note: The foreign military occupation was unprecedented humiliation; today's diplomatic presence reflects China's sovereignty
- metric: China's share of global GDP
  thenValue: ~7-10% (declining)
  thenYear: 1900
  nowValue: ~18%
  nowYear: 2024
  note: The Rebellion marked the nadir of Chinese power; subsequent modernization and industrialization reversed the trajectory
- metric: Estimated death toll from internal unrest + foreign intervention
  thenValue: 45,000-100,000
  thenYear: 1900
  nowValue: "Internal unrest: thousands (modern suppression is more controlled); no foreign occupation"
  nowYear: 2024
  note: The Rebellion's scale was catastrophic; China's modern stability is a direct reaction to that trauma
impactStatement: The Boxer Rebellion of 1900 was a violent anti-foreign, anti-Christian uprising in China that killed tens of thousands and resulted in military intervention by eight foreign powers. The rebellion and its brutal suppression exposed China's weakness, accelerated the dismantling of its imperial system, and reshaped the geopolitical landscape of East Asia for decades.
consequences:
- title: Protocol of 1901
  year: 1901
  description: Defeated Boxer forces and the Qing government signed the Protocol of 1901, requiring China to pay 450 million taels in indemnities to foreign powers and granting them military rights and territorial concessions.
- title: Further erosion of Qing authority
  year: 1905
  description: China's demonstrated military helplessness during the Boxer Rebellion accelerated the decline of the Qing dynasty and emboldened reformers and revolutionaries who believed fundamental transformation was necessary.
- title: Growth of Japanese imperialism in Asia
  year: 1904
  description: Japan's participation in suppressing the Boxers and its emergence as a regional military power emboldened Japanese imperial ambitions, leading directly to war with Russia in 1904 and expansion throughout Asia.
- title: Chinese Revolution of 1911
  year: 1911
  description: The Qing dynasty's humiliation and inability to protect its people fueled nationalist sentiment that culminated in the collapse of imperial rule and establishment of the Chinese Republic.
- title: Hardening of Western sphere-of-influence zones
  year: 1901
  description: The coordinated multinational response to the Rebellion formalized Western territorial and economic control in China through treaty ports, foreign legation quarters, and railway concessions that persisted until 1945.
archiveSnapshots: []
categories:
- war
- protest
metaDescription: 1900 uprising of Chinese nationalists against Western imperialism and Christian missionaries. Foreign troops crushed the revolt, leaving humiliation and stricter foreign control over China's affairs.
originSignals:
- "wikipedia:boxer-rebellion"
heroImageAlt: A military officer stands elevated on the left holding a telescope while surveying troops positioned among sandbag fortifications and defensive earthworks during the Boxer Rebellion in China.
translations:
es:
lede: En 1900, grupos de milicias anti-extranjeros llamados los Boxers lanzaron un levantamiento violento en el norte de China, atacando a misioneros y diplomáticos extranjeros. Ocho naciones extranjeras respondieron enviando tropas que ocuparon Beijing, mataron a decenas de miles de chinos e impusieron severas sanciones al gobierno chino, una humillación que debilitó la dinastía Qing gobernante y aceleró su eventual colapso.
summaryShort: Un levantamiento violento de grupos de milicias chinas llamados los Boxers en 1900 atacó a misioneros extranjeros, diplomáticos y cristianos chinos, lo que provocó una intervención militar multinacional que dejó decenas de miles de muertos.
summaryLong: |-
  En la primavera de 1900, un movimiento de milicias conocido como los Boxers, oficialmente la «Sociedad de los Puños Rectos y Armoniosos», lanzó un ataque coordinado en el norte de China que reformularía la relación del país con las potencias occidentales. Los Boxers, que contaban con el apoyo de campesinos rurales y funcionarios locales que resentían la dominación económica extranjera y la actividad misionera cristiana, comenzaron a atacar sistemáticamente a misioneros, diplomáticos extranjeros y conversos chinos. Para junio de 1900, habían rodeado el barrio de las legaciones extranjeras en Beijing, atrapando aproximadamente 900 diplomáticos, soldados y civiles dentro del recinto amurallado durante 55 días.

  La corte imperial china bajo la emperatriz viuda Cixi aparentemente apoyó o al menos toleró el movimiento Boxer, aunque los historiadores debaten qué tan directamente sancionó la violencia. Lo que hizo que el levantamiento de 1900 se distinguiera de los disturbios anti-extranjeros anteriores fue su escala y su momento, coincidió con un período de aguda competencia imperialista occidental por territorio y recursos chinos, particularmente después de la humillante derrota de China en la Primera Guerra Sino-Japonesa en 1895. Los misioneros extranjeros se habían expandido agresivamente hacia el interior, desafiando las estructuras religiosas y sociales chinas tradicionales, lo que alimentó el resentimiento popular que los Boxers movilizaron con retórica cuasi-religiosa y entrenamiento de artes marciales.

  La crisis provocó una respuesta extraordinaria: ocho naciones extranjeras-Gran Bretaña, Francia, Alemania, Austria-Hungría, Italia, Japón, Rusia y Estados Unidos-reunieron una fuerza de alivio de aproximadamente 20,000 tropas. Estos soldados marcharon sobre Beijing en agosto de 1900 bajo el mando del general japonés Yamagata Aritomo y el general británico Alfred Gaselee, rompieron el sitio y ocuparon la capital. Las tropas extranjeras realizaron saqueos generalizados y represalias; siguieron masacres de civiles y soldados chinos, aunque las cifras exactas de bajas permanecen disputadas. Las estimaciones conservadoras sitúan las muertes chinas entre 30,000 y 100,000, aunque algunos relatos académicos sugieren cifras más altas.

  Las consecuencias cristalizaron la posición de China como un estado debilitado vulnerable a la explotación extranjera. El Protocolo Boxer, firmado en septiembre de 1901, impuso una indemnización masiva de 450 millones de taeles (aproximadamente $335 millones en ese momento) a China y otorgó a las potencias extranjeras guarniciones militares permanentes en Beijing. El protocolo también requirió que China demoliera fuertes y permitiera que tropas extranjeras ocuparan rutas de comunicación clave. El levantamiento aceleró el declive de la dinastía Qing, que colapsaría poco más de una década después en 1911, y demostró a los reformadores y revolucionarios chinos que la modernización radical era esencial para la supervivencia nacional.
generatedAt: "2026-06-04T12:49:08.186Z"
fr:
lede: En 1900, des groupes de milices anti-étrangers appelés les Boxers ont lancé un soulèvement violent dans le nord de la Chine, ciblant les missionnaires et les diplomates étrangers. Huit nations étrangères ont réagi en envoyant des troupes qui ont occupé Pékin, tué des dizaines de milliers de Chinois et imposé des sanctions sévères au gouvernement chinois-une humiliation qui a affaibli la dynastie Qing régnante et accéléré son effondrement éventuel.
summaryShort: Un soulèvement violent lancé en 1900 par des groupes de milices chinoises appelés les Boxers a ciblé des missionnaires étrangers, des diplomates et des chrétiens chinois, entraînant une intervention militaire multinationale qui a fait des dizaines de milliers de morts.
summaryLong: |-
  Au printemps de 1900, un mouvement de milice connu sous le nom de Boxers-officiellement la « Société des Poings Justes et Harmonieux »-a lancé une attaque coordonnée dans le nord de la Chine qui redéfinirait la relation du pays avec les puissances occidentales. Les Boxers, bénéficiant du soutien des paysans ruraux et des autorités locales qui ressentaient la domination économique étrangère et l'activité des missionnaires chrétiens, ont commencé à attaquer systématiquement les missionnaires, les diplomates étrangers et les convertis chinois. En juin 1900, ils avaient encerclé le quartier des légations étrangères à Pékin, piégeant environ 900 diplomates, soldats et civils à l'intérieur du compound fortifié pendant 55 jours.

  La cour impériale chinoise sous l'impératrice douairière Cixi semblait initialement soutenir ou du moins tolérer le mouvement Boxer, bien que les historiens débattent du degré auquel elle a sanctionné la violence. Ce qui rendait le soulèvement de 1900 distinct des troubles anti-étrangers antérieurs était son ampleur et son moment-il coïncidait avec une période de concurrence impérialiste occidentale aiguë pour le territoire et les ressources chinois, particulièrement après la défaite humiliante de la Chine lors de la Première Guerre sino-japonaise en 1895. Les missionnaires étrangers s'étaient étendus agressivement vers l'intérieur, remettant en question les structures religieuses et sociales chinoises traditionnelles, ce qui alimentait le ressentiment populaire que les Boxers mobilisaient avec une rhétorique quasi-religieuse et un entraînement aux arts martiaux.

  La crise a provoqué une réaction extraordinaire : huit nations étrangères-la Grande-Bretagne, la France, l'Allemagne, l'Autriche-Hongrie, l'Italie, le Japon, la Russie et les États-Unis-ont rassemblé une force de secours d'environ 20 000 soldats. Ces soldats ont marché sur Pékin en août 1900 sous le commandement du général japonais Yamagata Aritomo et du général britannique Alfred Gaselee, brisant le siège et occupant la capitale. Les troupes étrangères ont mené des pillages généralisés et des représailles ; des massacres de civils et de soldats chinois ont suivi, bien que les chiffres exacts des pertes restent contestés. Les estimations prudentes placent les morts chinois entre 30 000 et 100 000, bien que certains comptes rendus savants suggèrent des chiffres plus élevés.

  Les conséquences ont cristallisé la position de la Chine comme un État affaibli vulnérable à l'exploitation étrangère. Le Protocole des Boxers, signé en septembre 1901, a imposé une indemnité massive de 450 millions de taels (environ 335 millions de dollars à l'époque) à la Chine et a accordé aux puissances étrangères des garnisons militaires permanentes à Pékin. Le protocole exigeait également que la Chine démolisse les forts et permette aux troupes étrangères d'occuper les routes de communication clés. Le soulèvement a accéléré le déclin de la dynastie Qing, qui s'effondrerait un peu plus d'une décennie plus tard en 1911, et a démontré aux réformateurs et révolutionnaires chinois que la modernisation radicale était essentielle à la survie nationale.
generatedAt: "2026-06-04T12:49:15.964Z"
de:
lede: 1900 starteten in Nordchina anti-westliche Milizgruppen namens Boxer einen gewaltsamen Aufstand gegen Missionare und ausländische Diplomaten. Acht fremde Nationen reagierten mit Truppen, besetzten Beijing, töteten Zehntausende Chinesen und verhängten harte Strafen gegen die chinesische Regierung – eine Demütigung, die die herrschende Qing-Dynastie schwächte und ihren Niedergang beschleunigte.
summaryShort: Ein gewaltsamer Aufstand chinesischer Milizgruppen namens Boxer 1900 richtete sich gegen ausländische Missionare, Diplomaten und chinesische Christen und führte zu einer multinationalen militärischen Intervention mit Zehntausenden Toten.
summaryLong: |-
  Im Frühjahr 1900 startete eine Milizezbewegung namens Boxer – offiziell die "Gesellschaft der Gerechten und Harmonischen Fäuste" – einen koordinierten Anschlag in Nordchina, der das Verhältnis des Landes zu den Westmächten umgestalten sollte. Die Boxer, unterstützt von Bauern und lokalen Beamten, die gegen wirtschaftliche Fremdherrschaft und christliche Missionsaktivität resentierten, begannen systematisch, Missionare, ausländische Diplomaten und chinesische Konvertiten anzugreifen. Bis Juni 1900 hatten sie das Gesandtschaftsviertel in Beijing umzingelt und etwa 900 Diplomaten, Soldaten und Zivilisten in der befestigten Anlage 55 Tage lang eingeschlossen.

  Das chinesische Kaiserreich unter Kaiserin Cixi schien die Boxer-Bewegung zunächst zu unterstützen oder zumindest zu tolerieren, obwohl Historiker debattieren, wie direkt sie die Gewalt sanktionierte. Was den Aufstand 1900 von früherem anti-westlichen Unruhen unterschied, war sein Ausmaß und sein Timing – er fiel mit einer Phase intensiven westlichen imperialistischen Wettbewerbs um chinesisches Territorium und Ressourcen zusammen, besonders nach Chinas demütierender Niederlage im Ersten Chinesisch-Japanischen Krieg 1895. Ausländische Missionare waren aggressiv ins Landesinnere vorgedrungen, forderten traditionelle chinesische religiöse und soziale Strukturen heraus und schürten Volksgroll, den die Boxer mit quasi-religiörer Rhetorik und Kampfkunstausbildung mobilisierten.

  Die Krise löste eine außergewöhnliche Reaktion aus: Acht fremde Nationen – Großbritannien, Frankreich, Deutschland, Österreich-Ungarn, Italien, Japan, Russland und die Vereinigten Staaten – stellten ein Entsatztruppe von etwa 20.000 Soldaten auf. Diese marschierten im August 1900 unter dem japanischen General Yamagata Aritomo und dem britischen General Alfred Gaselee in Beijing ein, hoben die Belagerung auf und besetzten die Hauptstadt. Die fremden Truppen plünderten und vergalten sich verbreitet; Massaker an chinesischen Zivilisten und Soldaten folgten, obwohl genaue Opferzahlen umstritten bleiben. Konservative Schätzungen beziffern chinesische Todesfälle auf 30.000 bis 100.000, wobei manche Fachliteratur höhere Zahlen angibt.

  Die Folgen verfestigten Chinas Position als geschwächter, fremder Ausbeutung anfälliger Staat. Das im September 1901 unterzeichnete Boxer-Protokoll verhängte eine Reparationszahlung von 450 Millionen Tael (damals etwa 335 Millionen Dollar) auf China und gewährte fremden Mächten permanente Militärgarnisonen in Beijing. Das Protokoll forderte auch, Festungen abzureißen und fremden Truppen den Besatz von Schlüsselkommunikationswegen zu gestatten. Der Aufstand beschleunigte den Niedergang der Qing-Dynastie, die sich knapp ein Jahrzehnt später 1911 auflöste, und demonstrierte chinesischen Reformern und Revolutionären gleichermaßen, dass radikale Modernisierung für das nationale Überleben notwendig war.
generatedAt: "2026-06-04T16:00:34.298Z"
geo:
lat: 34.5412252
lng: 108.9237067
place: China
note: Location inferred from recap.country via OSM Nominatim.
significance: 25
