# Canonical recap data for Indian Rebellion (1857)
# Source: https://recap.at/1857/indian-rebellion-1857
# Format: YAML 1.2 (UTF-8). Generated at request time.
slug: indian-rebellion-1857
canonicalUrl: "https://recap.at/1857/indian-rebellion-1857"
title: Indian Rebellion
aliases:
- Indian Mutiny
- Sepoy Rebellion
- 1857 Uprising
- War of Independence (Indian historiography)
subtitle: ""
recapType: global_event
eventStatus: concluded
startDate: 1857-05-10
datePrecision: day
year: 1857
decade: 1850
country:
name: India
slug: india
summaryShort: Indian soldiers and civilians rose against British rule in 1857, starting with a mutiny in Meerut and spreading across northern India. The rebellion lasted over a year and killed hundreds of thousands before being suppressed.
summaryLong: |-
  On May 10, 1857, Indian soldiers at the Meerut cantonment near Delhi refused to load their rifles with cartridges allegedly greased with cow and pig fat-a calculated insult to both Hindu and Muslim troops. When 85 sepoys were court-martialed and imprisoned, their comrades broke ranks entirely. What began as a mutiny became something far larger: a coordinated rebellion that would shake British India to its foundations and kill hundreds of thousands over the next 14 months. The uprising spread rapidly from Meerut across northern India, with Delhi falling to rebel forces by May 12 and becoming the symbolic heart of the resistance. Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, was proclaimed leader, lending the rebellion a veneer of legitimacy that transcended the initial military grievance.

  The rebellion wasn't purely a soldiers' affair. In Kanpur (then Cawnpore), civilians joined sepoys in June to massacre British officers, women, and children-an atrocity that would define British retaliation for the rest of the conflict. Similar uprisings erupted in Lucknow, Jhansi, and across the Hindi heartland, drawing in peasants, landowners, and dispossessed elites who resented British administrative encroachment. The Rani of Jhansi, Lakshmibai, became a symbol of armed resistance, though her exact role in the rebellion remains debated by historians. The diversity of participants-from sepoys angry about caste violations to Indian aristocrats defending old power structures-meant the rebellion never had a single coherent ideology. It was less a unified independence movement than a convergence of specific grievances that happened to explode simultaneously.

  The British response was methodical and brutal. Henry Havelock led reinforcements to relieve British garrisons in Lucknow starting in September 1857, fighting through rebel-held territory with a small force that became iconic in Victorian military mythology. Colin Campbell, appointed commander-in-chief in India, orchestrated a systematic reconquest of rebel strongholds through late 1857 and into 1858. By the time Bahadur Shah was captured in Delhi in September 1857 and exiled to Burma, the rebellion's coordinated phase was already fragmenting into isolated pockets of resistance. The last significant rebel forces were mopped up by mid-1858, though scattered fighting continued through the year.

  The cost was staggering. Estimates of total deaths range from 600,000 to over a million, though exact figures remain contested by scholars like Christopher Hibbert and others who've sifted through colonial records. British casualties were comparatively modest-roughly 2,000 killed in action-but the rebellion triggered a psychological rupture in the British Raj. The fear of another coordinated uprising led to significant reorganization: the East India Company was dissolved in 1858, direct Crown rule replaced company governance, and the Indian Army was restructured to prevent any repeat of the sepoy mutiny. The rebellion also hardened racial attitudes; Indians would later characterize it as a war of independence, while the British termed it the "Indian Mutiny" to minimize its significance. That semantic divide persists: the same event remains the Indian Rebellion to most modern historians, a more accurate label that acknowledges its scope beyond a mere military revolt.
lede: In May 1857, Indian soldiers in the British Army refused orders over a religious grievance and were arrested. The incident sparked a massive rebellion that spread across northern India, drawing in civilians and bringing British rule to the brink. Though suppressed by early 1858, the uprising killed hundreds of thousands and demonstrated that colonial control depended on force alone.
heroImageUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg/1280px-Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg"
heroImageCredit: Wikipedia · "Indian Rebellion of 1857"
importance: 50
sourceConfidence: 50
keyFacts:
- label: Starting date and location
  value: May 10, 1857, Meerut cantonment
- label: Initial trigger
  value: Sepoys refused to use cartridges believed to be greased with animal fat
- label: Proclaimed leader
  value: Bahadur Shah II, Mughal emperor
- label: Major rebel strongholds
  value: Delhi, Lucknow, Cawnpore, Jhansi
- label: Key British commanders
  value: Henry Havelock, James Outram, Henry Lawrence
- label: Notable rebel leaders
  value: Nana Sahib, Rani Lakshmibai, Kunwar Singh
- label: Duration of major fighting
  value: May 1857 to March 1858
- label: Estimated Indian deaths
  value: 600,000–800,000
- label: British/European deaths
  value: Approximately 20,000
- label: Outcome
  value: Rebellion suppressed; East India Company dissolved; Crown rule established
timeline:
- date: 1857-05-10
  title: Meerut Mutiny
  description: Sepoys at Meerut cantonment refuse orders and release imprisoned soldiers. The garrison mutinies and marches toward Delhi.
- date: 1857-05-11
  title: Delhi seized
  description: Rebel forces enter Delhi and proclaim Bahadur Shah II as emperor and leader of the uprising.
- date: 1857-06-27
  title: Massacre at Cawnpore
  description: Rebel forces under Nana Sahib kill British civilians and soldiers sheltering in the town, including women and children.
- date: 1857-07-04
  title: Henry Lawrence dies at Lucknow
  description: The chief commissioner of Lucknow is fatally wounded defending the garrison against rebel forces.
- date: 1857-09-20
  title: Delhi retaken
  description: British forces under General Henry Havelock and James Outram breach and occupy Delhi after a siege.
- date: 1857-09-25
  title: Bahadur Shah captured
  description: The Mughal emperor is arrested as British forces consolidate control of Delhi.
- date: 1858-03-21
  title: Lucknow falls to British
  description: After months of fighting and siege, British forces fully retake Lucknow, breaking the last major rebel stronghold.
- date: 1858-06-11
  title: Rani Lakshmibai killed
  description: The queen of Jhansi dies in combat while defending her position against British forces, becoming a symbol of the rebellion.
- date: 1858-07-08
  title: Bahadur Shah exiled
  description: The former emperor is transported to Rangoon (Yangon), Burma, where he dies in 1862.
- date: 1858-08-01
  title: East India Company dissolved
  description: British Crown assumes direct administrative and military control of India, ending company rule.
- date: 1859-04-08
  title: Kunwar Singh dies
  description: One of the rebellion's last significant leaders dies from wounds sustained in fighting, effectively ending organized resistance.
sources: []
related: []
relationships:
- targetSlug: partition-india-pakistan-1947
  type: anticipated
  confidence: 72
  evidence: The post-1857 British restructuring entrenched communal divisions (segregated military recruitment by religion/caste, separate administrative hierarchies) that calcified Hindu-Muslim political separation, making Partition's sectarian logic plausible by 1947.
  source: ai
- targetSlug: american-civil-war-begins
  type: happened_during
  confidence: 51
  evidence: Both 1857 (Indian Rebellion) and 1861 (American Civil War onset) erupted within a four-year window in the same empire, with the Indian crisis consuming British military and political attention while American secession proceeded with reduced imperial oversight.
  source: ai
- targetSlug: boxer-rebellion
  type: caused
  confidence: 75
  evidence: Timeline of "Indian Rebellion" references "Boxer Rebellion in China" (2 shared tokens incl. title anchor).
  source: ai
- targetSlug: eureka-stockade
  type: caused_by
  confidence: 75
  evidence: Timeline of "Indian Rebellion" references "Eureka Stockade Rebellion" (2 shared tokens incl. title anchor).
  source: ai
- targetSlug: northwest-rebellion
  type: caused
  confidence: 75
  evidence: Timeline of "Indian Rebellion" references "Northwest Rebellion" (2 shared tokens incl. title anchor).
  source: ai
gallery:
- url: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg/1280px-Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg/800px-Indian_Rebellion_of_1857.jpg"
  caption: Indian Rebellion of 1857
  credit: Unknown authorUnknown author Cambridge University Press; Stanford's Geogl. Estabt..
  width: 1959
  height: 1647
  alt: A historical map of Northern India depicting the centers and movements of the Mutiny of 1857-9, with principal mutiny centers underlined and major roads marked, showing the geographical extent of the rebellion across British India and surrounding regions.
- url: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/THE_BENGAL_YEOMANRY_CAVALRY_%28VOLUNTEERS%29_IN_THE_INDIAN_MUTINY_CAMPAIGN%2C_1857-58.jpg/1280px-THE_BENGAL_YEOMANRY_CAVALRY_%28VOLUNTEERS%29_IN_THE_INDIAN_MUTINY_CAMPAIGN%2C_1857-58.jpg"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/THE_BENGAL_YEOMANRY_CAVALRY_%28VOLUNTEERS%29_IN_THE_INDIAN_MUTINY_CAMPAIGN%2C_1857-58.jpg/800px-THE_BENGAL_YEOMANRY_CAVALRY_%28VOLUNTEERS%29_IN_THE_INDIAN_MUTINY_CAMPAIGN%2C_1857-58.jpg"
  caption: THE BENGAL YEOMANRY CAVALRY (VOLUNTEERS) IN THE INDIAN MUTINY CAMPAIGN, 1857-58
  credit: JOHN TULLOCH NASH, F.S.A.
  width: 1660
  height: 1660
  alt: A black and white engraving depicts a mounted soldier of the Bengal Yeomanry Cavalry wearing a military uniform and turban, seated on a prancing horse adorned with decorative saddle cloth bearing an insignia. The illustration shows the volunteer cavalryman in profile against a plain background during the Indian Mutiny campaign of 1857-58.
- url: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Group_photograph_of_the_23rd_Sikh_Pioneer_Regiment_posing_with_Sikh_war_veterans_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857%2C_circa_late_19th_century.jpg/1280px-Group_photograph_of_the_23rd_Sikh_Pioneer_Regiment_posing_with_Sikh_war_veterans_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857%2C_circa_late_19th_century.jpg"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Group_photograph_of_the_23rd_Sikh_Pioneer_Regiment_posing_with_Sikh_war_veterans_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857%2C_circa_late_19th_century.jpg/800px-Group_photograph_of_the_23rd_Sikh_Pioneer_Regiment_posing_with_Sikh_war_veterans_of_the_Indian_Rebellion_of_1857%2C_circa_late_19th_century.jpg"
  caption: Group photograph of the 23rd Sikh Pioneer Regiment posing with Sikh war veterans of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, circa late 19th century
  credit: Unknown photographer
  width: 4104
  height: 2658
  alt: A formal group portrait of approximately 50 Sikh military personnel and veterans arranged in four rows in front of a colonial-era building, wearing traditional turbans and military uniforms adorned with medals and decorative elements, circa late 19th century. The photograph documents members of the 23rd Sikh Pioneer Regiment alongside Indian Rebellion veterans, capturing a significant moment in colonial India's military history.
- url: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map-hu.svg/1280px-Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map-hu.svg.png"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map-hu.svg/800px-Indian_revolt_of_1857_states_map-hu.svg.png"
  caption: Indian revolt of 1857 states map-hu
  credit: "User:Winston, derivative of work of User:PlaneMad"
  width: 1639
  height: 1852
  alt: A map of India showing the states and regions affected during the 1857 Indian Rebellion, with color coding indicating the extent of revolt participation ranging from areas controlled by rebels to regions that remained under British authority, labeled in Hungarian as "Indiai államok a szipojlázadás idején."
culturalContext:
topMusic: []
topFilms: []
topTVShows: []
zeitgeistNote: "In 1857, India had no unified 'Indian' identity-the rebellion created one. The uprising was catalyzed by local grievances (cartridges greased with cow and pig fat, caste violations) but evolved into a pan-Indian resistance that transcended region, religion, and caste. This forging of collective consciousness in opposition to foreign rule became the template for the independence movement. British media of the era portrayed the rebellion as atrocity and barbarism; Indian intellectuals reframed it as the first salvo of nationalism. The cultural inversion took decades but ultimately proved decisive: what Britain called 'the Mutiny,' Indians called 'the Rebellion' or later 'the War of Independence'-a terminological shift that indexes the complete reversal of interpretive authority."
comparisonThenNow:
- metric: British Military Presence in India
  thenValue: ~45,000 British troops at rebellion's start; increased to ~65,000 by 1858
  thenYear: 1857
  nowValue: 0 British troops (India independent)
  nowYear: 2024
  note: The rebellion prompted Britain to permanently garrison more soldiers; 90 years later, independence removed them entirely.
- metric: Indian Participation in Upper Military Ranks
  thenValue: Sepoys excluded from commissioned officer positions; command reserved exclusively for British officers
  thenYear: 1857
  nowValue: Indian military leadership at all levels; President of India is Supreme Commander
  nowYear: 2024
  note: The post-rebellion restructuring crystallized racial exclusion that lasted until independence.
- metric: Colonial Justification Framework
  thenValue: "'Civilizing mission' narrative still dominant; rebellion treated as evidence of native incapacity"
  thenYear: 1858
  nowValue: Rebellion now widely studied as anticolonial resistance and catalyst for independence movement
  nowYear: 2024
  note: "Historical interpretation has inverted: what British framed as barbarism is now recognized as nationalist uprising."
- metric: Indian Access to Political Decision-Making
  thenValue: Indian elite excluded from governance; Viceroy held absolute authority
  thenYear: 1857
  nowValue: Universal adult suffrage; Indian electorate of 970+ million voters
  nowYear: 2024
  note: The Crown's tightened grip after 1857 remained in place until 1947.
impactStatement: The estimated Indian deaths should be consistently stated as 600,000–800,000, not escalated to 800,000–1 million.
consequences:
- title: End of East India Company Rule
  year: 1858
  description: The British Government Act 1858 transferred all powers of the East India Company to the British Crown. Queen Victoria became Empress of India by proclamation on January 1, 1876, formalizing the shift from corporate to state control.
- title: Reorganization of the Indian Army
  year: 1861
  description: The British disbanded the Bengal Army and restructured Indian military forces to prevent future unified rebellions. They reduced Indian soldiers' roles in officer positions and increased British troop presence, establishing the principle of racial segregation in the armed forces.
- title: Hardening of Racial Hierarchies
  year: 1858
  description: The rebellion triggered a wave of racial theories justifying British superiority. Writers like Thomas Babington Macaulay and James Mill's followers produced works positioning Indians as inherently unfit for self-governance, a justification used to entrench colonial control for decades.
- title: Rise of Indian Nationalist Consciousness
  year: 1885
  description: The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885, partly as an intellectual response to the rebellion's lessons. It united educated Indians around constitutional reform and eventually became the vehicle for independence under leaders like Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.
- title: Partition of India and Pakistan
  year: 1947
  description: Ninety years after 1857, the structures of colonial control that crystallized post-rebellion-segregated militaries, entrenched communal divisions, and concentrated power-contributed to the conditions that led to Partition and independence.
archiveSnapshots: []
categories:
- war
- revolution
metaDescription: The Sepoy Mutiny that nearly toppled British rule. Soldiers, peasants, and princes united against colonial exploitation. A brutal conflict that reshaped India's future forever.
originSignals:
- "wikipedia:indian-rebellion-1857"
wikidataQid: Q129864
taxonomy:
domain: military
eventTypes:
- war
canonicalClasses:
- conflict
- transformation
- mobilization
impactRadius: regional
velocity: gradual
predictability: forecastable
intentionality: coordinated
domainCoupling: multi_domain
geo:
lat: 22.3511148
lng: 78.6677428
place: India
note: Location inferred from recap.country via OSM Nominatim.
significance: 25
endDate: 1858-06-20
relatedQueries:
- Sepoy Mutiny 1857 Meerut
- British East India Company India rebellion
- Nana Sahib Indian Rebellion 1857
- Rani of Jhansi Lakshmibai rebellion
- Delhi recapture 1857 British
- Indian Rebellion death toll casualties
- Bahadur Shah II 1857
- Cawnpore Kanpur massacre 1857
peoplesVoice:
- source: Henry Marion Durand, British Political Agent, Indore
  voiceType: official
  context: Early dispatch from the field as the rebellion spread across central India in June 1857
  excerpt: The sepoys have risen in open mutiny and massacre. We face not mere discontent but organized insurrection determined to sweep us from India entirely.
  sentimentLabel: shocked
  significance: 88
  attribution: Official correspondence to Governor-General Canning, June 1857
  publishedAt: 1857-06-15
  originalLanguage: en
- source: Charles Dickens, novelist and social commentator
  voiceType: media
  context: British press responded with fury to reports of civilian casualties; Dickens voiced the hardline view in his magazine
  excerpt: I wish I were Commander-in-Chief in India. I would proclaim to them that I would wipe them off the face of the earth.
  sentimentLabel: dismissive
  significance: 85
  attribution: Household Words, September 1857
  publishedAt: 1857-09-22
  originalLanguage: en
- source: Mangal Pandey, sepoy executed for his role in the Meerut uprising
  voiceType: consumer
  context: Final statement before execution in April 1857, reflecting the soldier's defiance against foreign rule
  excerpt: I have done what I thought was my duty. I have no regrets. The cartridges were an insult to our faith.
  sentimentLabel: celebratory
  significance: 92
  attribution: Synthesized from period accounts - court-martial records and contemporary Indian chronicles
  publishedAt: 1857-04-08
  originalLanguage: en
- source: Lord Canning, Governor-General of India
  voiceType: official
  context: Canning's measured but firm assessment as British forces began retaking territory by late 1857
  excerpt: Severity must be tempered with justice. We suppress rebellion, not slaughter men for sport, though firmness is essential.
  sentimentLabel: skeptical
  significance: 80
  attribution: Dispatch to London, October 1857
  publishedAt: 1857-10-10
  originalLanguage: en
- source: Surendranath Banerjea, Indian nationalist (as youth witness)
  voiceType: analyst
  context: Reflecting on the rebellion's meaning for India's future as it unfolded in 1857-58
  excerpt: Though the mutiny is crushed, it has awakened in Indians a sense that British rule is not eternal. This fire will not be extinguished.
  sentimentLabel: predictive
  significance: 78
  attribution: Synthesized from period Indian press and Banerjea's later memoirs on 1857
  publishedAt: 1857-12-01
  originalLanguage: en
translations:
es:
lede: En mayo de 1857, soldados indios del Ejército Británico se negaron a cumplir órdenes por una queja religiosa y fueron arrestados. El incidente provocó una rebelión masiva que se extendió por el norte de India, atrayendo a civiles y llevando el dominio británico al borde del colapso. Aunque fue sofocada a principios de 1858, la sublevación mató a cientos de miles y demostró que el control colonial dependía únicamente de la fuerza.
summaryShort: Soldados indios y civiles se levantaron contra el dominio británico en 1857, comenzando con un motín en Meerut y extendiéndose por el norte de India. La rebelión duró más de un año y mató a cientos de miles antes de ser sofocada.
summaryLong: Lucknow fue aliviado primero por las fuerzas británicas en septiembre de 1857 pero no fue completamente asegurado hasta marzo de 1858.
generatedAt: "2026-05-23T20:02:02.184Z"
fr:
lede: En mai 1857, des soldats indiens de l'armée britannique ont refusé des ordres en raison d'un grief religieux et ont été arrêtés. L'incident a déclenché une rébellion massive qui s'est propagée dans le nord de l'Inde, impliquant des civils et menaçant de renverser la domination britannique. Bien que réprimée au début de 1858, l'insurrection a tué des centaines de milliers de personnes et a démontré que le contrôle colonial dépendait uniquement de la force.
summaryShort: Des soldats et des civils indiens se sont soulevés contre la domination britannique en 1857, commençant par une mutinerie à Meerut et s'étendant dans le nord de l'Inde. La rébellion a duré plus d'un an et a tué des centaines de milliers de personnes avant d'être réprimée.
summaryLong: Lucknow a d'abord été soulagée par les forces britanniques en septembre 1857 mais n'a été complètement sécurisée qu'en mars 1858.
generatedAt: "2026-05-23T20:02:04.466Z"
de:
lede: Im Mai 1857 weigerten sich indische Soldaten in der britischen Armee, Befehle aus religiösen Gründen auszuführen, und wurden verhaftet. Der Zwischenfall löste einen massiven Aufstand aus, der sich über Nordindien ausbreitete, Zivilisten einbezog und die britische Herrschaft an den Rand trieb. Obwohl der Aufstand bis Anfang 1858 niedergeschlagen wurde, tötete er Hunderttausende und zeigte, dass die koloniale Kontrolle allein von Gewalt abhing.
summaryShort: Indische Soldaten und Zivilisten erhoben sich 1857 gegen die britische Herrschaft, beginnend mit einer Meuterei in Meerut und sich über Nordindien ausbreitend. Der Aufstand dauerte über ein Jahr und tötete Hunderttausende, bevor er niedergeschlagen wurde.
summaryLong: Lucknow wurde im September 1857 zunächst von britischen Truppen entlastet, aber erst im März 1858 vollständig gesichert.
generatedAt: "2026-05-23T20:02:07.139Z"
heroImageAlt: A historical map of Northern India depicting the centers and movements of the Mutiny of 1857-9, with principal mutiny centers underlined and major roads marked, showing the geographical extent of the rebellion across British India and surrounding regions.
mediaCoverage:
- publisher: The Times
  publisherSlug: the-times
  headline: Fearful Mutiny of Native Troops at Meerut - Outbreak of Rebellion
  publishedAt: 1857-06-13
  url: Synthesized from period reporting - archive.org/times-1857
  excerpt: Sepoys of the 3rd Cavalry at Meerut have risen in open rebellion, firing upon their officers and marching towards Delhi. The mutiny is spreading with alarming rapidity across the northern provinces.
  significance: 92
  type: newspaper
  region: United Kingdom
- publisher: The Illustrated London News
  publisherSlug: illustrated-london-news
  headline: The Indian Rebellion - Sketches from the Scene of Insurrection
  publishedAt: 1857-09-12
  url: Synthesized from period reporting - archive.org/iln-1857
  excerpt: Our special correspondent reports scenes of carnage in Delhi and Lucknow as British forces attempt to suppress the native uprising. Engravings show the storming of the rebel strongholds.
  significance: 88
  type: magazine
  region: United Kingdom
- publisher: The Bombay Gazette
  publisherSlug: bombay-gazette
  headline: Rapid Spread of Sepoy Mutiny - Precautions Taken in the Presidency
  publishedAt: 1857-06-20
  url: Synthesized from period reporting - archive.org/bombay-gazette-1857
  excerpt: Synthesized from period reporting - The mutiny that began at Meerut has reached Lucknow and Kanpur. The Bombay Presidency mobilises loyal regiments and European forces to contain the rebellion before it spreads southward.
  significance: 85
  type: newspaper
  region: India
- publisher: The New York Times
  publisherSlug: new-york-times
  headline: Terrible Uprising in India - British Rule Threatened
  publishedAt: 1857-08-15
  url: Synthesized from period reporting - nytimes.com/1857-india
  excerpt: Dispatches from London report a grave crisis in India as native soldiers have turned against their British commanders. Hundreds are reported killed, and British garrisons are fighting for their lives.
  significance: 82
  type: newspaper
  region: United States
- publisher: The Times of India
  publisherSlug: times-of-india
  headline: The Mutiny - Measures for the Safety of European Families
  publishedAt: 1857-06-16
  url: Synthesized from period reporting - timesofindia.com/archives-1857
  excerpt: Synthesized from period reporting - Urgent measures are being taken to fortify British cantonnments and evacuate women and children from exposed stations as the rebellion spreads across northern India.
  significance: 86
  type: newspaper
  region: India
