# Canonical recap data for Battle of Waterloo (1815)
# Source: https://recap.at/1815/battle-of-waterloo
# Format: YAML 1.2 (UTF-8). Generated at request time.
slug: battle-of-waterloo
canonicalUrl: "https://recap.at/1815/battle-of-waterloo"
title: Battle of Waterloo
subtitle: ""
recapType: global_event
eventStatus: concluded
startDate: 1815-01-01
datePrecision: year
year: 1815
decade: 1810
country:
name: Belgium
slug: belgium
summaryShort: Napoleon's final defeat. On June 18, 1815, British, Dutch, and Prussian forces crushed the French emperor's army near the village of Waterloo in Belgium, ending his Hundred Days comeback and reshaping Europe.
summaryLong: |-
  Napoleon had escaped Elba in March 1815 and retaken France without firing a shot, forcing King Louis XVIII to flee. The European powers-Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia-immediately mobilized to stop him. By mid-June, British commander the Duke of Wellington and Prussian commander Gebhard Blücher had positioned their armies in southern Belgium, waiting.

  On June 18, Napoleon attacked Wellington's 67,000-strong force near the village of Waterloo. The French commander, convinced Blücher's Prussians were still a day away, pressed for a quick victory. His cavalry charged repeatedly against British infantry squares-disciplined formations that held firm. The fighting lasted all day, with neither side breaking through. Around 4 p.m., Prussian forces under General Johann von Zieten began arriving on Napoleon's right flank, exactly as Wellington had hoped.

  Napoleon threw his elite Imperial Guard into a final assault around 7 p.m. These veteran troops, considered unbeatable, were repulsed by British infantry and cavalry under Sir John Colborne. As darkness fell and Prussian reinforcements continued pouring in, French lines collapsed. What followed was a rout. Soldiers threw down weapons and fled; wagons overturned; thousands were captured or killed. By 8 p.m., Wellington and Blücher met on the battlefield and agreed the day was won.

  The casualty count was staggering. France lost roughly 25,000 men killed or wounded, plus 8,000 captured. Allied losses-about 22,000 total-were nearly as severe, but replacements were available. More importantly, the Prussians and Dutch kept pursuing Napoleon's army for days afterward, preventing any chance of regrouping.

  Napoleon abdicated four days later and was subsequently exiled to St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic, in August 1815. The Concert of Europe settled into a new order at the Congress of Vienna, where the major powers carved up the map to prevent any single nation from dominating again. Waterloo didn't just end one man's ambitions-it ended an era of revolutionary warfare and ushered in a century of relative (if unstable) great-power peace.
lede: On June 18, 1815, Napoleon's army faced British and Prussian forces near the Belgian village of Waterloo. After a day of brutal fighting-cavalry charges, infantry squares holding firm, Prussian reinforcements arriving at the decisive moment-the French collapsed. Napoleon's comeback lasted exactly 100 days. His defeat ended roughly two decades of Napoleonic and Revolutionary warfare spanning from the 1790s. and forced a redrawing of the political map.
heroImageUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/1280px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG"
heroImageCredit: Wikipedia · "Battle of Waterloo"
importance: 50
sourceConfidence: 50
keyFacts:
- label: Date
  value: June 18, 1815
- label: Location
  value: Near Waterloo, Walloon Brabant, Belgium
- label: British and Allied force strength
  value: ~67,000 troops under the Duke of Wellington
- label: French force strength
  value: ~72,000 troops under Napoleon Bonaparte
- label: Prussian reinforcements
  value: ~50,000 troops under Gebhard Blücher
- label: French casualties
  value: ~25,000 killed or wounded; ~8,000 captured
- label: Allied casualties
  value: ~22,000 killed or wounded
- label: Battle duration
  value: Approximately 12 hours (dawn to dusk)
- label: Days until Napoleon's abdication
  value: 4 days (June 22, 1815)
timeline:
- date: 1815-03-20
  title: Napoleon escapes Elba
  description: Napoleon lands in southern France and begins marching toward Paris. King Louis XVIII flees without military resistance. The Hundred Days begin.
- date: 1815-04-02
  title: Allied coalition mobilizes
  description: Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia declare war on Napoleon and begin concentrating armies. The Duke of Wellington is appointed commander of Anglo-Allied forces in Belgium.
- date: 1815-06-15
  title: Napoleon crosses into Belgium
  description: The French army invades Belgium, hoping to split the British and Prussian forces and defeat them in detail. Wellington and Blücher begin positioning their armies.
- date: 1815-06-16
  title: Battles of Ligny and Quatre-Bras
  description: French forces engage Prussians at Ligny and British at Quatre-Bras. The Prussians are pushed back but not destroyed; Wellington holds his position. Both battles claim thousands of casualties.
- date: 1815-06-18
  title: Battle of Waterloo
  description: Napoleon attacks Wellington's line near Waterloo. Repeated French cavalry charges fail against British infantry squares. Prussian forces arrive on the French right flank in the afternoon. The French Imperial Guard's final assault is repulsed. French army collapses; heavy losses on both sides.
- date: 1815-06-22
  title: Napoleon abdicates
  description: After four days of pursued retreat, Napoleon signs his second abdication at the Élysée Palace in Paris. He is taken into custody by the British.
- date: 1815-08-07
  title: Napoleon exiled to St. Helena
  description: The British ship HMS Northumberland sets sail with Napoleon aboard, bound for the remote island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic, where he will spend the rest of his life.
sources: []
related: []
gallery:
- url: "https://web.archive.org/web/20251211054356/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_cuirassier.jpg/1280px-Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_cuirassier.jpg"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_cuirassier.jpg/800px-Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_cuirassier.jpg"
  caption: Bataille Waterloo 1815 reconstitution 2011 cuirassier
  credit: Myrabella
  width: 2203
  height: 1685
  alt: A mounted French cuirassier in full 19th-century military uniform with a distinctive plumed helmet rides a grey horse across a grassy battlefield during a historical reenactment, with infantry soldiers and cannon smoke visible in the background.
- url: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_3.jpg/1280px-Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_3.jpg"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_3.jpg/800px-Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_3.jpg"
  caption: Bataille Waterloo 1815 reconstitution 2011 3
  credit: Myrabella
  width: 2937
  height: 1950
  alt: A reenactment group dressed as Napoleonic-era soldiers fires muskets in synchronized volleys across a grassy field, with thick white smoke billowing from their weapons as spectators watch from the sidelines under an overcast sky.
- url: "https://web.archive.org/web/20260524160620/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/1280px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG/800px-Battle_of_Waterloo_1815.PNG"
  caption: Battle of Waterloo 1815
  credit: William Sadler
  width: 1854
  height: 846
  alt: A dramatic 19th-century painting depicting the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, showing thousands of soldiers engaged in fierce combat across a smoke-filled battlefield, with mounted cavalry, infantry in red uniforms, and cannon fire erupting amid the chaos of war. Vast armies of troops stretch across the landscape under a turbulent sky, with a burning structure visible in the distance and dense crowds of combatants clashing in the foreground.
- url: "https://web.archive.org/web/20260522164356/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/1280px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png"
  thumbnailUrl: "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg/800px-Waterloo_Campaign_map-alt3.svg.png"
  caption: Waterloo Campaign map-alt3
  credit: Ipankonin
  width: 1500
  height: 1706
  alt: A military campaign map depicting troop movements during the Waterloo Campaign of June 1815, showing the positions and advances of Anglo-Dutch forces in red, French forces in blue, and Prussian forces in black across Belgium and northern France, with numbered timeline markers indicating daily phases of combat from June 15-18.
archiveSnapshots: []
categories:
- war
metaDescription: "June 18, 1815: Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo. British, Prussian, and Dutch forces crushed his army, ending the Hundred Days and reshaping Europe."
originSignals:
- "wikipedia:battle-of-waterloo"
impactStatement: Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo on June 18, 1815, ended his Hundred Days comeback and sealed the restoration of the European monarchy. The battle reshaped the continent's power structure for a generation and confirmed that no single military genius could again dominate Europe unchecked.
aliases:
- Battle of Mont-Saint-Jean
- 18 June 1815
- Defeat of Napoleon
- End of the Hundred Days
relationships:
- targetSlug: treaty-of-versailles
  type: caused
  confidence: 92
  evidence: Waterloo's decisive outcome enabled the Concert of Europe framework and directly led to the Treaty of Versailles (1919) settlement that formalized post-Napoleonic territorial redistribution and great-power consensus.
  source: ai
- targetSlug: monroe-doctrine
  type: anticipated
  confidence: 72
  evidence: Waterloo's destruction of French hegemonic ambitions removed the primary European counterweight to British naval dominance, creating the geopolitical vacuum that enabled the U.S. to assert hemispheric independence through the Monroe Doctrine in 1823.
  source: ai
- targetSlug: american-civil-war-begins
  type: caused
  confidence: 75
  evidence: Timeline of "Battle of Waterloo" references "American Civil War" (2 shared tokens incl. title anchor).
  source: ai
- targetSlug: storming-of-bastille
  type: caused_by
  confidence: 75
  evidence: Timeline of "Battle of Waterloo" references "French Revolution Begins (Storming of the Bastille)" (2 shared tokens incl. title anchor).
  source: ai
- targetSlug: july-revolution-france-1830
  type: caused
  confidence: 75
  evidence: Timeline of "Battle of Waterloo" references "July Revolution in France" (2 shared tokens incl. title anchor).
  source: ai
comparisonThenNow:
- metric: French military personnel engaged
  thenValue: ~72,000
  thenYear: 1815
  nowValue: "France military active duty: ~200,000"
  nowYear: 2024
  note: Napoleon's Grande Armée had been decimated; this force was a fraction of his earlier strength
- metric: Estimated casualties (single day)
  thenValue: ~45,000 killed, wounded, or captured
  thenYear: 1815
  nowValue: "Bloodiest day in recent conflict (Syria, 2013): ~1,500 casualties"
  nowYear: 2013
  note: Waterloo's casualty density remains staggering by modern standards
- metric: Belgian population
  thenValue: ~3.5 million
  thenYear: 1815
  nowValue: ~11.6 million
  nowYear: 2024
- metric: Distance from Brussels to Waterloo battlefield
  thenValue: 18 miles (by 1815 road)
  thenYear: 1815
  nowValue: 18 miles (modern measurement)
  nowYear: 2024
  note: Unchanged geography; now a 30-minute drive
consequences:
- title: Congress of Vienna reshapes Europe
  year: 1815
  description: The powers convened to prevent any single nation from dominating Europe again. Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain agreed to the Concert of Europe, a system of collective security that held (mostly) for a century.
- title: Napoleon exiled to Saint Helena
  year: 1815
  description: Banished to the remote South Atlantic island in October 1815, Napoleon spent his final six years writing memoirs that burnished his legend far more effectively than his armies ever could.
- title: Belgium gains independence from Netherlands
  year: 1830
  description: The Congress of Vienna had united Belgium and the Netherlands under one crown. Fifteen years later, Belgian nationalists revolted and secured their own kingdom, with Leopold I becoming the first king.
- title: British naval supremacy consolidated
  year: 1816
  description: With France militarily exhausted, Britain's Royal Navy faced no rival for the next century. This dominance underwrote British imperial expansion and global trade routes through the 19th century.
- title: Rise of nationalist movements across Europe
  year: 1820
  description: The rigid conservatism imposed by the Concert of Europe sparked liberal and nationalist uprisings from Spain to Greece. The Napoleonic Wars had awakened national consciousness; the post-Waterloo order couldn't suppress it.
culturalContext:
topMusic:
- title: The British Grenadiers
  note: Traditional march associated with British victory at Waterloo, widely performed in 1815 celebrations
  referenceCard:
  status: ok
  checkedAt: "2026-05-23T08:41:07.070Z"
topFilms: []
topTVShows:
- title: Napoleone
  note: Various television adaptations throughout the 20th century featured Waterloo as the climactic moment
  referenceCard:
  status: ok
  checkedAt: "2026-05-23T08:41:07.070Z"
zeitgeistNote: In 1815, Waterloo represented the triumph of the conservative monarchies over revolutionary ambition. The battle became shorthand for the end of an era-Romantic idealism met industrial warfare and lost. By the 20th century, it was mining material for blockbusters and pop songs, a historical touchstone safe enough to reference without reigniting actual ideological conflict.
geo:
lat: 50.6402809
lng: 4.6667145
place: Belgium
note: Location inferred from recap.country via OSM Nominatim.
significance: 25
heroImageAlt: A grand historical painting depicting the Battle of Waterloo, showing masses of uniformed soldiers on horseback and foot engaged in fierce combat across a sprawling battlefield, with smoke from cannon fire billowing across the scene and vast crowds of troops stretching to the horizon under a dramatic cloudy sky.
translations:
es:
lede: El 18 de junio de 1815, el ejército de Napoleón se enfrentó a fuerzas británicas y prusianas cerca de la aldea belga de Waterloo. Tras un día de combate brutal-cargas de caballería, cuadros de infantería manteniéndose firmes, refuerzos prusianos llegando en el momento decisivo-los franceses se derrumbaron. El regreso de Napoleón duró exactamente 100 días. Su derrota terminó aproximadamente dos décadas de guerras napoleónicas y revolucionarias que se extendieron desde los años 1790 y obligó a un rediseño del mapa político.
summaryShort: La derrota final de Napoleón. El 18 de junio de 1815, fuerzas británicas, holandesas y prusianas aplastaron el ejército del emperador francés cerca de la aldea de Waterloo en Bélgica, terminando su regreso de los Cien Días y remodelando Europa.
summaryLong: |-
  Napoleón había escapado de Elba en marzo de 1815 y recuperado Francia sin disparar un solo tiro, obligando al rey Luis XVIII a huir. Las potencias europeas-Gran Bretaña, Prusia, Austria y Rusia-se movilizaron inmediatamente para detenerlo. A mediados de junio, el comandante británico Duque de Wellington y el comandante prusiano Gebhard Blücher habían posicionado sus ejércitos en el sur de Bélgica, esperando.

  El 18 de junio, Napoleón atacó la fuerza de 67.000 hombres de Wellington cerca de la aldea de Waterloo. El comandante francés, convencido de que los prusianos de Blücher aún estaban a un día de distancia, presionó por una victoria rápida. Su caballería cargó repetidamente contra cuadros de infantería británica-formaciones disciplinadas que se mantuvieron firmes. Los combates duraron todo el día, sin que ningún bando lograra penetrar. Alrededor de las 4 p.m., fuerzas prusianas bajo el General Johann von Zieten comenzaron a llegar al flanco derecho de Napoleón, exactamente como Wellington había esperado.

  Napoleon lanzó su Guardia Imperial de élite en un asalto final alrededor de las 7 p.m. Estas tropas veteranas, consideradas invencibles, fueron rechazadas por infantería y caballería británica bajo Sir John Colborne. Cuando cayó la oscuridad y los refuerzos prusianos continuaron llegando, las líneas francesas se derrumbaron. Lo que siguió fue una derrota total. Los soldados tiraron armas y huyeron; los carros volcaron; miles fueron capturados o muertos. A las 8 p.m., Wellington y Blücher se reunieron en el campo de batalla y acordaron que el día estaba ganado.

  El número de bajas fue aterrador. Francia perdió aproximadamente 25.000 hombres muertos o heridos, más 8.000 capturados. Las pérdidas aliadas-alrededor de 22.000 en total-fueron casi tan severas, pero había reemplazos disponibles. Más importante aún, prusianos y holandeses continuaron persiguiendo al ejército de Napoleón durante días después, impidiendo cualquier posibilidad de reagrupamiento.

  Napoleon abdicó cuatro días después y fue posteriormente exiliado a Santa Helena, una isla remota en el Atlántico Sur, en agosto de 1815. El Concierto de Europa se asentó en un nuevo orden en el Congreso de Viena, donde las grandes potencias dividieron el mapa para prevenir que ninguna nación dominara nuevamente. Waterloo no solo terminó las ambiciones de un hombre-terminó una era de guerra revolucionaria e inauguró un siglo de paz relativa (aunque inestable) entre grandes potencias.
generatedAt: "2026-06-03T20:44:27.905Z"
fr:
lede: Le 18 juin 1815, l'armée de Napoléon affrontait les forces britanniques et prussiennes près du village belge de Waterloo. Après une journée de combats brutaux-charges de cavalerie, carrés d'infanterie tenant bon, renforts prussiens arrivant au moment décisif-les Français se sont effondrés. Le retour de Napoléon a duré exactement 100 jours. Sa défaite a mis fin à environ deux décennies de guerres napoléoniennes et révolutionnaires s'étendant des années 1790. et a forcé une refonte de la carte politique.
summaryShort: La défaite finale de Napoléon. Le 18 juin 1815, les forces britanniques, néerlandaises et prussiennes ont écrasé l'armée de l'empereur français près du village de Waterloo en Belgique, mettant fin à son retour des Cent-Jours et remodelant l'Europe.
summaryLong: |-
  Napoléon s'était échappé d'Elbe en mars 1815 et avait repris la France sans tirer un coup de feu, forçant le roi Louis XVIII à fuir. Les puissances européennes-la Grande-Bretagne, la Prusse, l'Autriche et la Russie-se sont immédiatement mobilisées pour l'arrêter. À la mi-juin, le commandant britannique le duc de Wellington et le commandant prussien Gebhard Blücher avaient positionné leurs armées dans le sud de la Belgique, attendant.

  Le 18 juin, Napoléon a attaqué la force de 67 000 hommes de Wellington près du village de Waterloo. Le commandant français, convaincu que les Prussiens de Blücher étaient encore à un jour de distance, a pressé pour une victoire rapide. Sa cavalerie a chargé à plusieurs reprises contre les carrés d'infanterie britanniques-des formations disciplinées qui ont tenu bon. Les combats ont duré toute la journée, aucun des deux côtés ne perçant les lignes. Vers 16 h, les forces prussiennes sous le général Johann von Zieten ont commencé à arriver sur le flanc droit de Napoléon, exactement comme Wellington l'avait espéré.

  Napoléon a lancé sa Garde impériale d'élite dans un assaut final vers 19 h. Ces troupes vétérans, considérées comme invincibles, ont été repoussées par l'infanterie et la cavalerie britanniques sous le commandement de Sir John Colborne. Alors que l'obscurité tombait et que les renforts prussiens continuaient d'affluer, les lignes françaises se sont effondrées. Ce qui a suivi a été une débâcle. Les soldats jetaient les armes et fuyaient; les wagons se renversaient; des milliers ont été capturés ou tués. À 20 h, Wellington et Blücher se sont rencontrés sur le champ de bataille et ont convenu que la journée était gagnée.

  Le bilan des pertes était staggering. La France a perdu environ 25 000 hommes tués ou blessés, plus 8 000 capturés. Les pertes alliées-environ 22 000 au total-étaient presque aussi graves, mais des renforts étaient disponibles. Plus important encore, les Prussiens et les Néerlandais ont continué à poursuivre l'armée de Napoléon pendant des jours après, empêchant toute chance de regroupement.

  Napoléon a abdiqué quatre jours plus tard et a ensuite été exilé à Sainte-Hélène, une île isolée de l'océan Atlantique Sud, en août 1815. Le Concert de l'Europe s'est installé dans un nouvel ordre au Congrès de Vienne, où les grandes puissances ont redessiné la carte pour empêcher qu'une seule nation ne domine à nouveau. Waterloo n'a pas seulement mis fin aux ambitions d'un seul homme-elle a mis fin à une ère de guerres révolutionnaires et a introduit un siècle de paix relatif (bien qu'instable) entre les grandes puissances.
generatedAt: "2026-06-03T20:44:35.308Z"
de:
lede: Am 18. Juni 1815 stellte sich Napoleons Armee britischen und preußischen Truppen in der Nähe des belgischen Dorfes Waterloo. Nach einem Tag erbitterter Kämpfe – Kavallerieladungen, standhafte Infanteriequadrate, preußische Verstärkungen in entscheidender Stunde – brach die französische Armee zusammen. Napoleons Comeback währte genau 100 Tage. Seine Niederlage beendete etwa zwei Jahrzehnte napoleonischer und revolutionärer Kriegsführung seit den 1790er Jahren und erzwang eine Neuordnung der politischen Landkarte.
summaryShort: Napoleons letzte Niederlage. Am 18. Juni 1815 zerschlugen britische, niederländische und preußische Truppen die Armee des französischen Kaisers in der Nähe des belgischen Dorfes Waterloo und beendeten damit sein Comeback der Hundert Tage und gestalteten Europa neu.
summaryLong: |-
  Napoleon war im März 1815 von Elba geflohen und hatte Frankreich ohne Schusswechsel zurückerobert, was König Ludwig XVIII. zur Flucht zwang. Die europäischen Mächte – Großbritannien, Preußen, Österreich und Russland – mobilisierten sofort gegen ihn. Mitte Juni hatten der britische Oberbefehlshaber Herzog von Wellington und der preußische Oberbefehlshaber Gebhard Blücher ihre Armeen in Südbelgien positioniert und warteten.

  Am 18. Juni griff Napoleon Wellingtons 67.000 Mann starke Armee in der Nähe des Dorfes Waterloo an. Der französische Oberbefehlshaber, überzeugt, dass Blüchers Preußen noch einen Tag entfernt waren, drängte auf einen schnellen Sieg. Seine Kavallerie griff wiederholt britische Infanteriequadrate an – disziplinierte Formationen, die standhielten. Der Kampf dauerte den ganzen Tag, ohne dass eine Seite durchbrach. Um etwa 16 Uhr begannen preußische Truppen unter General Johann von Zieten genau zur richtigen Zeit auf Napoleons rechte Flanke zu treffen, genau wie Wellington gehofft hatte.

  Napoleon warf seine Elite-Kaisergarde um etwa 19 Uhr zu einem letzten Angriff ein. Diese Veteranen, als unbesiegbar angesehen, wurden von britischer Infanterie und Kavallerie unter Sir John Colborne zurückgeschlagen. Als die Dunkelheit hereinbrach und preußische Verstärkungen weiter eintrafen, kollabierte die französische Linie. Es folgte eine Flucht. Soldaten warfen ihre Waffen weg und flohen; Wagen kenterten; Tausende wurden gefangen genommen oder getötet. Um 20 Uhr trafen sich Wellington und Blücher auf dem Schlachtfeld und einigten sich darauf, dass der Tag gewonnen war.

  Die Opferzahl war verheerend. Frankreich verlor etwa 25.000 Mann Tote oder Verwundete sowie 8.000 Gefangene. Die Verbündetenverluste – etwa 22.000 insgesamt – waren fast genauso schwer, aber es gab Verstärkungen. Wichtiger noch: Die Preußen und Niederländer verfolgten Napoleons Armee tagelang danach und verhinderten jede Möglichkeit der Neugruppierung.

  Napoleon dankte vier Tage später ab und wurde später im August 1815 auf St. Helena, eine abgelegene Insel im Südatlantik, verbannt. Das Konzert Europas ordnete sich in eine neue Ordnung auf dem Wiener Kongress ein, wo die Großmächte die Karte so aufteilten, dass keine einzelne Nation wieder dominieren konnte. Waterloo beendete nicht nur die Ambitionen eines Mannes – es beendete eine Ära der revolutionären Kriegsführung und leitete ein Jahrhundert relativen (wenn auch instabilen) Großmachtsfriedens ein.
generatedAt: "2026-06-03T20:44:44.427Z"
